[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2596},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Fautomating-releases-from-git-tags\u002F":3,"content-directory":1751},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":1735,"description":1736,"difficulty":1737,"draft":1738,"extension":1739,"meta":1740,"navigation":153,"path":1741,"seo":1742,"stem":1743,"tags":1744,"updated":1735,"__hash__":1750},"content\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Fautomating-releases-from-git-tags\u002Findex.md","Automating Python CLI Releases from Git Tags",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1714},"minimark",[9,29,34,76,80,87,91,98,102,105,545,548,552,1192,1197,1212,1215,1224,1233,1246,1250,1269,1273,1292,1295,1329,1333,1336,1567,1582,1586,1592,1596,1600,1607,1611,1614,1618,1633,1637,1652,1656,1659,1663,1677,1681,1710],[10,11,12,13,17,18,22,23,28],"p",{},"A manual release of a Python CLI is a checklist of a dozen steps: bump the version in ",[14,15,16],"code",{},"pyproject.toml",", update the changelog, commit, tag, build, check the build, upload to PyPI, write a GitHub release, attach the artefacts, announce it. Each step is simple and each is an opportunity to get something slightly wrong — a version that does not match the tag, an upload built from a dirty working tree, release notes copied from the wrong section. Automating the release around a single action, ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"pushing a version tag",", removes almost all of it. This guide builds that workflow: the version comes from the tag, CI checks the tag is on the right branch, builds and tests, publishes to PyPI, and creates a GitHub release with notes taken from the changelog and the wheel attached. It is part of the ",[24,25,27],"a",{"href":26},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002F","CI\u002FCD pipelines topic",".",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[35,36,37,54,69],"ul",{},[38,39,40,41,44,45,48,49,53],"li",{},"Version derived from git tags with ",[14,42,43],{},"hatch-vcs"," or ",[14,46,47],{},"setuptools-scm",", as in ",[24,50,52],{"href":51},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fmanaging-cli-versioning-changelogs\u002Fderiving-versions-from-git-tags-with-hatch-vcs\u002F","deriving versions from git tags with hatch-vcs",". (A static version works too, with the guard shown below.)",[38,55,56,57,60,61,64,65,28],{},"A ",[14,58,59],{},"CHANGELOG.md"," with one ",[14,62,63],{},"## [x.y.z]"," section per release, maintained by hand or generated as in ",[24,66,68],{"href":67},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fmanaging-cli-versioning-changelogs\u002Fautomating-changelogs-with-conventional-commits\u002F","automating changelogs with conventional commits",[38,70,71,72,28],{},"Trusted publishing configured on PyPI, as in ",[24,73,75],{"href":74},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Fpublishing-to-pypi-with-trusted-publishing\u002F","publishing to PyPI with trusted publishing",[30,77,79],{"id":78},"the-release-end-to-end","The release, end to end",[10,81,82,83,86],{},"The only thing a maintainer does is create and push an annotated tag on a commit that is already on ",[14,84,85],{},"main",". Everything else follows:",[88,89],"inline-diagram",{"name":90},"ci-release-timeline",[10,92,93,94,97],{},"Because the version is read from the tag at build time, the tag, the package version, the PyPI release and the GitHub release all agree by construction. If any job fails before publishing, nothing reaches users: fix the problem, delete the tag (",[14,95,96],{},"git push --delete origin v1.5.0","), and push it again.",[30,99,101],{"id":100},"the-recipe-release-notes-from-the-changelog","The recipe: release notes from the changelog",[10,103,104],{},"Release notes should be the changelog section for the version, not a second, hand-written summary that drifts. A small script extracts it:",[106,107,112],"pre",{"className":108,"code":109,"language":110,"meta":111,"style":111},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# scripts\u002Frelease_notes.py\n\"\"\"Print the CHANGELOG.md section for a version: python scripts\u002Frelease_notes.py 1.5.0\"\"\"\nfrom __future__ import annotations\n\nimport re\nimport sys\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nHEADING = re.compile(r\"^## \\[?v?(?P\u003Cversion>[^\\]\\s]+)\\]?\")\n\n\ndef section(changelog: str, version: str) -> str:\n    lines, capturing = [], False\n    for line in changelog.splitlines():\n        m = HEADING.match(line)\n        if m:\n            if capturing:\n                break\n            capturing = m[\"version\"] == version\n            continue\n        if capturing:\n            lines.append(line)\n    text = \"\\n\".join(lines).strip()\n    if not text:\n        raise SystemExit(f\"no changelog section for {version}\")\n    return text\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    print(section(Path(\"CHANGELOG.md\").read_text(encoding=\"utf-8\"), sys.argv[1].lstrip(\"v\")))\n","python","",[14,113,114,123,130,148,155,164,172,185,190,260,265,270,299,314,329,343,352,361,367,390,396,403,409,428,440,470,479,484,489,506],{"__ignoreMap":111},[115,116,119],"span",{"class":117,"line":118},"line",1,[115,120,122],{"class":121},"sJ8bj","# scripts\u002Frelease_notes.py\n",[115,124,126],{"class":117,"line":125},2,[115,127,129],{"class":128},"sZZnC","\"\"\"Print the CHANGELOG.md section for a version: python scripts\u002Frelease_notes.py 1.5.0\"\"\"\n",[115,131,133,137,141,144],{"class":117,"line":132},3,[115,134,136],{"class":135},"szBVR","from",[115,138,140],{"class":139},"sj4cs"," __future__",[115,142,143],{"class":135}," import",[115,145,147],{"class":146},"sVt8B"," annotations\n",[115,149,151],{"class":117,"line":150},4,[115,152,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},true,"\n",[115,156,158,161],{"class":117,"line":157},5,[115,159,160],{"class":135},"import",[115,162,163],{"class":146}," re\n",[115,165,167,169],{"class":117,"line":166},6,[115,168,160],{"class":135},[115,170,171],{"class":146}," sys\n",[115,173,175,177,180,182],{"class":117,"line":174},7,[115,176,136],{"class":135},[115,178,179],{"class":146}," pathlib ",[115,181,160],{"class":135},[115,183,184],{"class":146}," Path\n",[115,186,188],{"class":117,"line":187},8,[115,189,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,191,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,215,219,222,225,227,230,234,237,239,242,245,248,251,253,255,257],{"class":117,"line":192},9,[115,194,195],{"class":139},"HEADING",[115,197,198],{"class":135}," =",[115,200,201],{"class":146}," re.compile(",[115,203,204],{"class":135},"r",[115,206,207],{"class":128},"\"",[115,209,210],{"class":139},"^",[115,212,214],{"class":213},"sA_wV","## ",[115,216,218],{"class":217},"snhLl","\\[",[115,220,221],{"class":135},"?",[115,223,224],{"class":213},"v",[115,226,221],{"class":135},[115,228,229],{"class":139},"(",[115,231,233],{"class":232},"s9eBZ","?P\u003Cversion>",[115,235,236],{"class":139},"[",[115,238,210],{"class":135},[115,240,241],{"class":217},"\\]",[115,243,244],{"class":139},"\\s]",[115,246,247],{"class":135},"+",[115,249,250],{"class":139},")",[115,252,241],{"class":217},[115,254,221],{"class":135},[115,256,207],{"class":128},[115,258,259],{"class":146},")\n",[115,261,263],{"class":117,"line":262},10,[115,264,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,266,268],{"class":117,"line":267},11,[115,269,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,271,273,276,280,283,286,289,291,294,296],{"class":117,"line":272},12,[115,274,275],{"class":135},"def",[115,277,279],{"class":278},"sScJk"," section",[115,281,282],{"class":146},"(changelog: ",[115,284,285],{"class":139},"str",[115,287,288],{"class":146},", version: ",[115,290,285],{"class":139},[115,292,293],{"class":146},") -> ",[115,295,285],{"class":139},[115,297,298],{"class":146},":\n",[115,300,302,305,308,311],{"class":117,"line":301},13,[115,303,304],{"class":146},"    lines, capturing ",[115,306,307],{"class":135},"=",[115,309,310],{"class":146}," [], ",[115,312,313],{"class":139},"False\n",[115,315,317,320,323,326],{"class":117,"line":316},14,[115,318,319],{"class":135},"    for",[115,321,322],{"class":146}," line ",[115,324,325],{"class":135},"in",[115,327,328],{"class":146}," changelog.splitlines():\n",[115,330,332,335,337,340],{"class":117,"line":331},15,[115,333,334],{"class":146},"        m ",[115,336,307],{"class":135},[115,338,339],{"class":139}," HEADING",[115,341,342],{"class":146},".match(line)\n",[115,344,346,349],{"class":117,"line":345},16,[115,347,348],{"class":135},"        if",[115,350,351],{"class":146}," m:\n",[115,353,355,358],{"class":117,"line":354},17,[115,356,357],{"class":135},"            if",[115,359,360],{"class":146}," capturing:\n",[115,362,364],{"class":117,"line":363},18,[115,365,366],{"class":135},"                break\n",[115,368,370,373,375,378,381,384,387],{"class":117,"line":369},19,[115,371,372],{"class":146},"            capturing ",[115,374,307],{"class":135},[115,376,377],{"class":146}," m[",[115,379,380],{"class":128},"\"version\"",[115,382,383],{"class":146},"] ",[115,385,386],{"class":135},"==",[115,388,389],{"class":146}," version\n",[115,391,393],{"class":117,"line":392},20,[115,394,395],{"class":135},"            continue\n",[115,397,399,401],{"class":117,"line":398},21,[115,400,348],{"class":135},[115,402,360],{"class":146},[115,404,406],{"class":117,"line":405},22,[115,407,408],{"class":146},"            lines.append(line)\n",[115,410,412,415,417,420,423,425],{"class":117,"line":411},23,[115,413,414],{"class":146},"    text ",[115,416,307],{"class":135},[115,418,419],{"class":128}," \"",[115,421,422],{"class":139},"\\n",[115,424,207],{"class":128},[115,426,427],{"class":146},".join(lines).strip()\n",[115,429,431,434,437],{"class":117,"line":430},24,[115,432,433],{"class":135},"    if",[115,435,436],{"class":135}," not",[115,438,439],{"class":146}," text:\n",[115,441,443,446,449,451,454,457,460,463,466,468],{"class":117,"line":442},25,[115,444,445],{"class":135},"        raise",[115,447,448],{"class":139}," SystemExit",[115,450,229],{"class":146},[115,452,453],{"class":135},"f",[115,455,456],{"class":128},"\"no changelog section for ",[115,458,459],{"class":139},"{",[115,461,462],{"class":146},"version",[115,464,465],{"class":139},"}",[115,467,207],{"class":128},[115,469,259],{"class":146},[115,471,473,476],{"class":117,"line":472},26,[115,474,475],{"class":135},"    return",[115,477,478],{"class":146}," text\n",[115,480,482],{"class":117,"line":481},27,[115,483,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,485,487],{"class":117,"line":486},28,[115,488,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,490,492,495,498,501,504],{"class":117,"line":491},29,[115,493,494],{"class":135},"if",[115,496,497],{"class":139}," __name__",[115,499,500],{"class":135}," ==",[115,502,503],{"class":128}," \"__main__\"",[115,505,298],{"class":146},[115,507,509,512,515,518,521,525,527,530,533,536,539,542],{"class":117,"line":508},30,[115,510,511],{"class":139},"    print",[115,513,514],{"class":146},"(section(Path(",[115,516,517],{"class":128},"\"CHANGELOG.md\"",[115,519,520],{"class":146},").read_text(",[115,522,524],{"class":523},"s4XuR","encoding",[115,526,307],{"class":135},[115,528,529],{"class":128},"\"utf-8\"",[115,531,532],{"class":146},"), sys.argv[",[115,534,535],{"class":139},"1",[115,537,538],{"class":146},"].lstrip(",[115,540,541],{"class":128},"\"v\"",[115,543,544],{"class":146},")))\n",[10,546,547],{},"Failing when the section is missing is deliberate: it stops a release whose changelog was never written.",[30,549,551],{"id":550},"the-recipe-the-workflow","The recipe: the workflow",[106,553,557],{"className":554,"code":555,"language":556,"meta":111,"style":111},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# .github\u002Fworkflows\u002Frelease.yml\nname: release\non:\n  push:\n    tags: [\"v[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+*\"]\n\npermissions:\n  contents: read\n\njobs:\n  build:\n    runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n    outputs:\n      version: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.version }}\n    steps:\n      - uses: actions\u002Fcheckout@v4\n        with:\n          fetch-depth: 0                   # tags and history, for hatch-vcs\n      - name: Tag must be on main\n        run: |\n          git fetch origin main\n          git merge-base --is-ancestor \"$GITHUB_SHA\" origin\u002Fmain || {\n            echo \"::error::$GITHUB_REF_NAME is not on main\"; exit 1; }\n      - uses: astral-sh\u002Fsetup-uv@v6\n      - run: uv sync --locked --group dev\n      - run: uv run pytest -q\n      - run: uv build\n      - name: Version must match the tag\n        id: meta\n        run: |\n          version=\"${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}\"\n          test -f \"dist\u002Fmytool-${version}-py3-none-any.whl\" || {\n            echo \"::error::built files do not match ${GITHUB_REF_NAME}\"; ls dist; exit 1; }\n          echo \"version=${version}\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n      - run: python scripts\u002Frelease_notes.py \"$GITHUB_REF_NAME\" > dist\u002FNOTES.md\n      - uses: actions\u002Fupload-artifact@v4\n        with: { name: dist, path: dist\u002F }\n\n  publish:\n    needs: build\n    runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n    environment: pypi\n    permissions:\n      id-token: write\n    steps:\n      - uses: actions\u002Fdownload-artifact@v4\n        with: { name: dist, path: dist }\n      - run: rm dist\u002FNOTES.md\n      - uses: pypa\u002Fgh-action-pypi-publish@release\u002Fv1\n\n  github-release:\n    needs: [build, publish]\n    runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n    permissions:\n      contents: write\n    steps:\n      - uses: actions\u002Fdownload-artifact@v4\n        with: { name: dist, path: dist }\n      - name: Create the GitHub release\n        env:\n          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}\n        run: |\n          prerelease=\"\"\n          case \"$GITHUB_REF_NAME\" in *a*|*b*|*rc*) prerelease=\"--prerelease\";; esac\n          gh release create \"$GITHUB_REF_NAME\" dist\u002F*.whl dist\u002F*.tar.gz \\\n            --repo \"$GITHUB_REPOSITORY\" --title \"mytool ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}\" \\\n            --notes-file dist\u002FNOTES.md $prerelease\n","yaml",[14,558,559,564,575,582,589,603,607,614,624,628,635,642,652,659,669,676,689,696,709,720,730,735,740,745,756,768,779,790,801,811,819,825,831,837,843,855,867,896,901,909,920,929,940,948,959,966,978,1001,1013,1025,1030,1038,1055,1064,1071,1081,1088,1099,1122,1134,1142,1153,1162,1168,1174,1180,1186],{"__ignoreMap":111},[115,560,561],{"class":117,"line":118},[115,562,563],{"class":121},"# .github\u002Fworkflows\u002Frelease.yml\n",[115,565,566,569,572],{"class":117,"line":125},[115,567,568],{"class":232},"name",[115,570,571],{"class":146},": ",[115,573,574],{"class":128},"release\n",[115,576,577,580],{"class":117,"line":132},[115,578,579],{"class":139},"on",[115,581,298],{"class":146},[115,583,584,587],{"class":117,"line":150},[115,585,586],{"class":232},"  push",[115,588,298],{"class":146},[115,590,591,594,597,600],{"class":117,"line":157},[115,592,593],{"class":232},"    tags",[115,595,596],{"class":146},": [",[115,598,599],{"class":128},"\"v[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+*\"",[115,601,602],{"class":146},"]\n",[115,604,605],{"class":117,"line":166},[115,606,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,608,609,612],{"class":117,"line":174},[115,610,611],{"class":232},"permissions",[115,613,298],{"class":146},[115,615,616,619,621],{"class":117,"line":187},[115,617,618],{"class":232},"  contents",[115,620,571],{"class":146},[115,622,623],{"class":128},"read\n",[115,625,626],{"class":117,"line":192},[115,627,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,629,630,633],{"class":117,"line":262},[115,631,632],{"class":232},"jobs",[115,634,298],{"class":146},[115,636,637,640],{"class":117,"line":267},[115,638,639],{"class":232},"  build",[115,641,298],{"class":146},[115,643,644,647,649],{"class":117,"line":272},[115,645,646],{"class":232},"    runs-on",[115,648,571],{"class":146},[115,650,651],{"class":128},"ubuntu-latest\n",[115,653,654,657],{"class":117,"line":301},[115,655,656],{"class":232},"    outputs",[115,658,298],{"class":146},[115,660,661,664,666],{"class":117,"line":316},[115,662,663],{"class":232},"      version",[115,665,571],{"class":146},[115,667,668],{"class":128},"${{ steps.meta.outputs.version }}\n",[115,670,671,674],{"class":117,"line":331},[115,672,673],{"class":232},"    steps",[115,675,298],{"class":146},[115,677,678,681,684,686],{"class":117,"line":345},[115,679,680],{"class":146},"      - ",[115,682,683],{"class":232},"uses",[115,685,571],{"class":146},[115,687,688],{"class":128},"actions\u002Fcheckout@v4\n",[115,690,691,694],{"class":117,"line":354},[115,692,693],{"class":232},"        with",[115,695,298],{"class":146},[115,697,698,701,703,706],{"class":117,"line":363},[115,699,700],{"class":232},"          fetch-depth",[115,702,571],{"class":146},[115,704,705],{"class":139},"0",[115,707,708],{"class":121},"                   # tags and history, for hatch-vcs\n",[115,710,711,713,715,717],{"class":117,"line":369},[115,712,680],{"class":146},[115,714,568],{"class":232},[115,716,571],{"class":146},[115,718,719],{"class":128},"Tag must be on main\n",[115,721,722,725,727],{"class":117,"line":392},[115,723,724],{"class":232},"        run",[115,726,571],{"class":146},[115,728,729],{"class":135},"|\n",[115,731,732],{"class":117,"line":398},[115,733,734],{"class":128},"          git fetch origin main\n",[115,736,737],{"class":117,"line":405},[115,738,739],{"class":128},"          git merge-base --is-ancestor \"$GITHUB_SHA\" origin\u002Fmain || {\n",[115,741,742],{"class":117,"line":411},[115,743,744],{"class":128},"            echo \"::error::$GITHUB_REF_NAME is not on main\"; exit 1; }\n",[115,746,747,749,751,753],{"class":117,"line":430},[115,748,680],{"class":146},[115,750,683],{"class":232},[115,752,571],{"class":146},[115,754,755],{"class":128},"astral-sh\u002Fsetup-uv@v6\n",[115,757,758,760,763,765],{"class":117,"line":442},[115,759,680],{"class":146},[115,761,762],{"class":232},"run",[115,764,571],{"class":146},[115,766,767],{"class":128},"uv sync --locked --group dev\n",[115,769,770,772,774,776],{"class":117,"line":472},[115,771,680],{"class":146},[115,773,762],{"class":232},[115,775,571],{"class":146},[115,777,778],{"class":128},"uv run pytest -q\n",[115,780,781,783,785,787],{"class":117,"line":481},[115,782,680],{"class":146},[115,784,762],{"class":232},[115,786,571],{"class":146},[115,788,789],{"class":128},"uv build\n",[115,791,792,794,796,798],{"class":117,"line":486},[115,793,680],{"class":146},[115,795,568],{"class":232},[115,797,571],{"class":146},[115,799,800],{"class":128},"Version must match the tag\n",[115,802,803,806,808],{"class":117,"line":491},[115,804,805],{"class":232},"        id",[115,807,571],{"class":146},[115,809,810],{"class":128},"meta\n",[115,812,813,815,817],{"class":117,"line":508},[115,814,724],{"class":232},[115,816,571],{"class":146},[115,818,729],{"class":135},[115,820,822],{"class":117,"line":821},31,[115,823,824],{"class":128},"          version=\"${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}\"\n",[115,826,828],{"class":117,"line":827},32,[115,829,830],{"class":128},"          test -f \"dist\u002Fmytool-${version}-py3-none-any.whl\" || {\n",[115,832,834],{"class":117,"line":833},33,[115,835,836],{"class":128},"            echo \"::error::built files do not match ${GITHUB_REF_NAME}\"; ls dist; exit 1; }\n",[115,838,840],{"class":117,"line":839},34,[115,841,842],{"class":128},"          echo \"version=${version}\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n",[115,844,846,848,850,852],{"class":117,"line":845},35,[115,847,680],{"class":146},[115,849,762],{"class":232},[115,851,571],{"class":146},[115,853,854],{"class":128},"python scripts\u002Frelease_notes.py \"$GITHUB_REF_NAME\" > dist\u002FNOTES.md\n",[115,856,858,860,862,864],{"class":117,"line":857},36,[115,859,680],{"class":146},[115,861,683],{"class":232},[115,863,571],{"class":146},[115,865,866],{"class":128},"actions\u002Fupload-artifact@v4\n",[115,868,870,872,875,877,879,882,885,888,890,893],{"class":117,"line":869},37,[115,871,693],{"class":232},[115,873,874],{"class":146},": { ",[115,876,568],{"class":232},[115,878,571],{"class":146},[115,880,881],{"class":128},"dist",[115,883,884],{"class":146},", ",[115,886,887],{"class":232},"path",[115,889,571],{"class":146},[115,891,892],{"class":128},"dist\u002F",[115,894,895],{"class":146}," }\n",[115,897,899],{"class":117,"line":898},38,[115,900,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,902,904,907],{"class":117,"line":903},39,[115,905,906],{"class":232},"  publish",[115,908,298],{"class":146},[115,910,912,915,917],{"class":117,"line":911},40,[115,913,914],{"class":232},"    needs",[115,916,571],{"class":146},[115,918,919],{"class":128},"build\n",[115,921,923,925,927],{"class":117,"line":922},41,[115,924,646],{"class":232},[115,926,571],{"class":146},[115,928,651],{"class":128},[115,930,932,935,937],{"class":117,"line":931},42,[115,933,934],{"class":232},"    environment",[115,936,571],{"class":146},[115,938,939],{"class":128},"pypi\n",[115,941,943,946],{"class":117,"line":942},43,[115,944,945],{"class":232},"    permissions",[115,947,298],{"class":146},[115,949,951,954,956],{"class":117,"line":950},44,[115,952,953],{"class":232},"      id-token",[115,955,571],{"class":146},[115,957,958],{"class":128},"write\n",[115,960,962,964],{"class":117,"line":961},45,[115,963,673],{"class":232},[115,965,298],{"class":146},[115,967,969,971,973,975],{"class":117,"line":968},46,[115,970,680],{"class":146},[115,972,683],{"class":232},[115,974,571],{"class":146},[115,976,977],{"class":128},"actions\u002Fdownload-artifact@v4\n",[115,979,981,983,985,987,989,991,993,995,997,999],{"class":117,"line":980},47,[115,982,693],{"class":232},[115,984,874],{"class":146},[115,986,568],{"class":232},[115,988,571],{"class":146},[115,990,881],{"class":128},[115,992,884],{"class":146},[115,994,887],{"class":232},[115,996,571],{"class":146},[115,998,881],{"class":128},[115,1000,895],{"class":146},[115,1002,1004,1006,1008,1010],{"class":117,"line":1003},48,[115,1005,680],{"class":146},[115,1007,762],{"class":232},[115,1009,571],{"class":146},[115,1011,1012],{"class":128},"rm dist\u002FNOTES.md\n",[115,1014,1016,1018,1020,1022],{"class":117,"line":1015},49,[115,1017,680],{"class":146},[115,1019,683],{"class":232},[115,1021,571],{"class":146},[115,1023,1024],{"class":128},"pypa\u002Fgh-action-pypi-publish@release\u002Fv1\n",[115,1026,1028],{"class":117,"line":1027},50,[115,1029,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1031,1033,1036],{"class":117,"line":1032},51,[115,1034,1035],{"class":232},"  github-release",[115,1037,298],{"class":146},[115,1039,1041,1043,1045,1048,1050,1053],{"class":117,"line":1040},52,[115,1042,914],{"class":232},[115,1044,596],{"class":146},[115,1046,1047],{"class":128},"build",[115,1049,884],{"class":146},[115,1051,1052],{"class":128},"publish",[115,1054,602],{"class":146},[115,1056,1058,1060,1062],{"class":117,"line":1057},53,[115,1059,646],{"class":232},[115,1061,571],{"class":146},[115,1063,651],{"class":128},[115,1065,1067,1069],{"class":117,"line":1066},54,[115,1068,945],{"class":232},[115,1070,298],{"class":146},[115,1072,1074,1077,1079],{"class":117,"line":1073},55,[115,1075,1076],{"class":232},"      contents",[115,1078,571],{"class":146},[115,1080,958],{"class":128},[115,1082,1084,1086],{"class":117,"line":1083},56,[115,1085,673],{"class":232},[115,1087,298],{"class":146},[115,1089,1091,1093,1095,1097],{"class":117,"line":1090},57,[115,1092,680],{"class":146},[115,1094,683],{"class":232},[115,1096,571],{"class":146},[115,1098,977],{"class":128},[115,1100,1102,1104,1106,1108,1110,1112,1114,1116,1118,1120],{"class":117,"line":1101},58,[115,1103,693],{"class":232},[115,1105,874],{"class":146},[115,1107,568],{"class":232},[115,1109,571],{"class":146},[115,1111,881],{"class":128},[115,1113,884],{"class":146},[115,1115,887],{"class":232},[115,1117,571],{"class":146},[115,1119,881],{"class":128},[115,1121,895],{"class":146},[115,1123,1125,1127,1129,1131],{"class":117,"line":1124},59,[115,1126,680],{"class":146},[115,1128,568],{"class":232},[115,1130,571],{"class":146},[115,1132,1133],{"class":128},"Create the GitHub release\n",[115,1135,1137,1140],{"class":117,"line":1136},60,[115,1138,1139],{"class":232},"        env",[115,1141,298],{"class":146},[115,1143,1145,1148,1150],{"class":117,"line":1144},61,[115,1146,1147],{"class":232},"          GH_TOKEN",[115,1149,571],{"class":146},[115,1151,1152],{"class":128},"${{ github.token }}\n",[115,1154,1156,1158,1160],{"class":117,"line":1155},62,[115,1157,724],{"class":232},[115,1159,571],{"class":146},[115,1161,729],{"class":135},[115,1163,1165],{"class":117,"line":1164},63,[115,1166,1167],{"class":128},"          prerelease=\"\"\n",[115,1169,1171],{"class":117,"line":1170},64,[115,1172,1173],{"class":128},"          case \"$GITHUB_REF_NAME\" in *a*|*b*|*rc*) prerelease=\"--prerelease\";; esac\n",[115,1175,1177],{"class":117,"line":1176},65,[115,1178,1179],{"class":128},"          gh release create \"$GITHUB_REF_NAME\" dist\u002F*.whl dist\u002F*.tar.gz \\\n",[115,1181,1183],{"class":117,"line":1182},66,[115,1184,1185],{"class":128},"            --repo \"$GITHUB_REPOSITORY\" --title \"mytool ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}\" \\\n",[115,1187,1189],{"class":117,"line":1188},67,[115,1190,1191],{"class":128},"            --notes-file dist\u002FNOTES.md $prerelease\n",[1193,1194,1196],"h3",{"id":1195},"the-guards","The guards",[10,1198,1199,1204,1205,1208,1209,1211],{},[19,1200,1201,1202,28],{},"The tag must be on ",[14,1203,85],{}," Tags can be pushed from any commit, including one on an abandoned branch. ",[14,1206,1207],{},"git merge-base --is-ancestor"," fails unless the tagged commit is reachable from ",[14,1210,85],{},", so a release always contains reviewed code.",[88,1213],{"name":1214},"ci-tag-guard",[10,1216,1217,1220,1221,1223],{},[19,1218,1219],{},"The version must match the tag."," With a tag-derived version this check can never fail; with a static version in ",[14,1222,16],{},", it catches the forgotten bump before anything is uploaded — important because PyPI never allows a version to be re-uploaded.",[10,1225,1226,1229,1230,1232],{},[19,1227,1228],{},"Tests run on the tagged commit."," They already passed on ",[14,1231,85],{},", but running them again in the release job costs a minute and guarantees the artefact was built from a green state.",[10,1234,1235,1238,1239,1241,1242,1245],{},[19,1236,1237],{},"Permissions are per job."," Only ",[14,1240,1052],{}," can mint an OIDC token; only ",[14,1243,1244],{},"github-release"," can write to the repository. The build job, which runs your dependencies' code, can do neither.",[1193,1247,1249],{"id":1248},"pre-releases","Pre-releases",[10,1251,1252,1253,1256,1257,1260,1261,1264,1265,1268],{},"Tags such as ",[14,1254,1255],{},"v1.5.0rc1"," follow the same path. PEP 440 treats them as pre-releases, so ",[14,1258,1259],{},"pip"," and ",[14,1262,1263],{},"uv"," will not install them unless asked (",[14,1266,1267],{},"--pre"," or an exact version), and the workflow marks the GitHub release as a pre-release. That makes release candidates a low-risk way to test the pipeline itself and to let early adopters try a version.",[30,1270,1272],{"id":1271},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[35,1274,1275],{},[38,1276,1277,1280,1281,1284,1285,1288,1289,1291],{},[19,1278,1279],{},"Make tagging easy to do right."," A short ",[14,1282,1283],{},"scripts\u002Frelease.sh"," or a ",[14,1286,1287],{},"just release 1.5.0"," recipe that checks the working tree is clean, that ",[14,1290,85],{}," is up to date, and that the changelog has a section for the version — then creates an annotated tag and pushes it — removes the last manual mistakes.",[88,1293],{"name":1294},"ci-release-terminal",[35,1296,1297,1307,1313,1323],{},[38,1298,1299,1302,1303,1306],{},[19,1300,1301],{},"Keep the release visible."," ",[14,1304,1305],{},"gh run watch --exit-status"," in the release script follows the workflow from the terminal and exits non-zero if it fails.",[38,1308,1309,1312],{},[19,1310,1311],{},"Attach the artefacts to the GitHub release."," Some users and packagers download from GitHub rather than PyPI; attaching the exact wheel and sdist gives them the same files.",[38,1314,1315,1318,1319,28],{},[19,1316,1317],{},"Announce what changed where users look."," A CLI can also tell users about new versions itself — a gentle \"a new version is available\" check, rate-limited and disabled in CI — as discussed in ",[24,1320,1322],{"href":1321},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fmanaging-cli-versioning-changelogs\u002Fexposing-version-info-and-build-metadata\u002F","exposing version info and build metadata",[38,1324,1325,1328],{},[19,1326,1327],{},"Plan for mistakes."," A broken release cannot be overwritten on PyPI. Yank it (it stays downloadable for pinned installs but is skipped by resolvers) and release a patch version; say so in the changelog.",[30,1330,1332],{"id":1331},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,1334,1335],{},"The release notes script is ordinary Python and deserves ordinary tests:",[106,1337,1339],{"className":108,"code":1338,"language":110,"meta":111,"style":111},"# tests\u002Ftest_release_notes.py\nimport pytest\n\nfrom scripts.release_notes import section\n\nCHANGELOG = \"\"\"# Changelog\n\n## [1.5.0] - 2026-09-18\n### Added\n- `mytool doctor` command.\n\n## [1.4.2] - 2026-08-30\n### Fixed\n- Windows path handling.\n\"\"\"\n\n\ndef test_extracts_one_section():\n    assert section(CHANGELOG, \"1.5.0\") == \"### Added\\n- `mytool doctor` command.\"\n\n\ndef test_accepts_v_prefix_in_headings():\n    assert \"Windows\" in section(CHANGELOG.replace(\"[1.4.2]\", \"[v1.4.2]\"), \"1.4.2\")\n\n\ndef test_missing_section_stops_the_release():\n    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):\n        section(CHANGELOG, \"9.9.9\")\n",[14,1340,1341,1346,1353,1357,1369,1373,1383,1387,1392,1397,1402,1406,1411,1416,1421,1426,1430,1434,1444,1472,1476,1480,1489,1522,1526,1530,1539,1553],{"__ignoreMap":111},[115,1342,1343],{"class":117,"line":118},[115,1344,1345],{"class":121},"# tests\u002Ftest_release_notes.py\n",[115,1347,1348,1350],{"class":117,"line":125},[115,1349,160],{"class":135},[115,1351,1352],{"class":146}," pytest\n",[115,1354,1355],{"class":117,"line":132},[115,1356,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1358,1359,1361,1364,1366],{"class":117,"line":150},[115,1360,136],{"class":135},[115,1362,1363],{"class":146}," scripts.release_notes ",[115,1365,160],{"class":135},[115,1367,1368],{"class":146}," section\n",[115,1370,1371],{"class":117,"line":157},[115,1372,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1374,1375,1378,1380],{"class":117,"line":166},[115,1376,1377],{"class":139},"CHANGELOG",[115,1379,198],{"class":135},[115,1381,1382],{"class":128}," \"\"\"# Changelog\n",[115,1384,1385],{"class":117,"line":174},[115,1386,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1388,1389],{"class":117,"line":187},[115,1390,1391],{"class":128},"## [1.5.0] - 2026-09-18\n",[115,1393,1394],{"class":117,"line":192},[115,1395,1396],{"class":128},"### Added\n",[115,1398,1399],{"class":117,"line":262},[115,1400,1401],{"class":128},"- `mytool doctor` command.\n",[115,1403,1404],{"class":117,"line":267},[115,1405,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1407,1408],{"class":117,"line":272},[115,1409,1410],{"class":128},"## [1.4.2] - 2026-08-30\n",[115,1412,1413],{"class":117,"line":301},[115,1414,1415],{"class":128},"### Fixed\n",[115,1417,1418],{"class":117,"line":316},[115,1419,1420],{"class":128},"- Windows path handling.\n",[115,1422,1423],{"class":117,"line":331},[115,1424,1425],{"class":128},"\"\"\"\n",[115,1427,1428],{"class":117,"line":345},[115,1429,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1431,1432],{"class":117,"line":354},[115,1433,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1435,1436,1438,1441],{"class":117,"line":363},[115,1437,275],{"class":135},[115,1439,1440],{"class":278}," test_extracts_one_section",[115,1442,1443],{"class":146},"():\n",[115,1445,1446,1449,1452,1454,1456,1459,1462,1464,1467,1469],{"class":117,"line":369},[115,1447,1448],{"class":135},"    assert",[115,1450,1451],{"class":146}," section(",[115,1453,1377],{"class":139},[115,1455,884],{"class":146},[115,1457,1458],{"class":128},"\"1.5.0\"",[115,1460,1461],{"class":146},") ",[115,1463,386],{"class":135},[115,1465,1466],{"class":128}," \"### Added",[115,1468,422],{"class":139},[115,1470,1471],{"class":128},"- `mytool doctor` command.\"\n",[115,1473,1474],{"class":117,"line":392},[115,1475,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1477,1478],{"class":117,"line":398},[115,1479,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1481,1482,1484,1487],{"class":117,"line":405},[115,1483,275],{"class":135},[115,1485,1486],{"class":278}," test_accepts_v_prefix_in_headings",[115,1488,1443],{"class":146},[115,1490,1491,1493,1496,1499,1501,1503,1506,1509,1511,1514,1517,1520],{"class":117,"line":411},[115,1492,1448],{"class":135},[115,1494,1495],{"class":128}," \"Windows\"",[115,1497,1498],{"class":135}," in",[115,1500,1451],{"class":146},[115,1502,1377],{"class":139},[115,1504,1505],{"class":146},".replace(",[115,1507,1508],{"class":128},"\"[1.4.2]\"",[115,1510,884],{"class":146},[115,1512,1513],{"class":128},"\"[v1.4.2]\"",[115,1515,1516],{"class":146},"), ",[115,1518,1519],{"class":128},"\"1.4.2\"",[115,1521,259],{"class":146},[115,1523,1524],{"class":117,"line":430},[115,1525,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1527,1528],{"class":117,"line":442},[115,1529,154],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":153},[115,1531,1532,1534,1537],{"class":117,"line":472},[115,1533,275],{"class":135},[115,1535,1536],{"class":278}," test_missing_section_stops_the_release",[115,1538,1443],{"class":146},[115,1540,1541,1544,1547,1550],{"class":117,"line":481},[115,1542,1543],{"class":135},"    with",[115,1545,1546],{"class":146}," pytest.raises(",[115,1548,1549],{"class":139},"SystemExit",[115,1551,1552],{"class":146},"):\n",[115,1554,1555,1558,1560,1562,1565],{"class":117,"line":486},[115,1556,1557],{"class":146},"        section(",[115,1559,1377],{"class":139},[115,1561,884],{"class":146},[115,1563,1564],{"class":128},"\"9.9.9\"",[115,1566,259],{"class":146},[10,1568,1569,1570,1573,1574,1577,1578,1581],{},"For the workflow, the most effective test is a pre-release tag on a real repository — ",[14,1571,1572],{},"v0.0.1rc1"," on a fresh project, or an ",[14,1575,1576],{},"rc"," of your next version. It exercises every job, including the OIDC exchange and the GitHub release, at almost no risk to users. ",[14,1579,1580],{},"actionlint"," catches syntax and expression errors before you push.",[30,1583,1585],{"id":1584},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,1587,1588,1589,1591],{},"Tag-driven releases reduce shipping a new version to one deliberate act — pushing an annotated tag on ",[14,1590,85],{}," — and let CI do everything else in a fixed order: verify the tag, test, build, check the version, publish with trusted publishing, and create a GitHub release from the changelog. Every artefact comes from the same commit, every step leaves a log, and a failed release is fixed by deleting a tag rather than untangling a half-published version.",[30,1593,1595],{"id":1594},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[1193,1597,1599],{"id":1598},"should-the-pipeline-create-the-tag-instead-of-a-person","Should the pipeline create the tag instead of a person?",[10,1601,1602,1603,1606],{},"Tools such as ",[14,1604,1605],{},"python-semantic-release"," or release-please compute the next version from commit messages and create the tag and changelog automatically, often through a release pull request. That works well for teams disciplined about conventional commits. A human-pushed tag keeps the decision explicit, which many CLI maintainers prefer.",[1193,1608,1610],{"id":1609},"what-if-i-need-to-re-run-a-failed-release","What if I need to re-run a failed release?",[10,1612,1613],{},"If nothing was published, re-run the failed jobs from the Actions UI, or delete and re-push the tag after a fix. If PyPI already has the version, you cannot upload it again — publish the next patch version instead.",[1193,1615,1617],{"id":1616},"can-i-release-from-a-maintenance-branch","Can I release from a maintenance branch?",[10,1619,1620,1621,1624,1625,1628,1629,1632],{},"Yes: change the ancestor check to accept ",[14,1622,1623],{},"release\u002F*"," branches for patch releases of older lines, and keep the rest of the workflow identical. Tag ",[14,1626,1627],{},"v1.4.3"," on ",[14,1630,1631],{},"release\u002F1.4"," and the same pipeline publishes it.",[1193,1634,1636],{"id":1635},"how-do-users-verify-that-a-release-really-came-from-this-pipeline","How do users verify that a release really came from this pipeline?",[10,1638,1639,1640,1643,1644,1647,1648,1651],{},"Trusted publishing already attaches PEP 740 attestations to every file on PyPI, linking it to the repository and workflow run. For the files attached to the GitHub release, add ",[14,1641,1642],{},"actions\u002Fattest-build-provenance"," to the build job; users can then run ",[14,1645,1646],{},"gh attestation verify mytool-1.5.0-py3-none-any.whl --repo acme\u002Fmytool",". Publishing a ",[14,1649,1650],{},"SHA256SUMS"," file alongside the artefacts gives anyone without the GitHub CLI a simpler integrity check.",[1193,1653,1655],{"id":1654},"what-should-stay-manual","What should stay manual?",[10,1657,1658],{},"Deciding that a release should happen, choosing its version number, and reading the changelog section before tagging. Those are judgement calls that automation handles poorly. Everything after the tag — building, testing, publishing, announcing — is mechanical and should never depend on someone remembering a step.",[1193,1660,1662],{"id":1661},"lightweight-or-annotated-tags","Lightweight or annotated tags?",[10,1664,1665,1666,1669,1670,1673,1674,1676],{},"Annotated (",[14,1667,1668],{},"git tag -a","). They record who created the tag and when, carry a message, and are what ",[14,1671,1672],{},"git describe"," — and therefore ",[14,1675,43],{}," — uses by default.",[30,1678,1680],{"id":1679},"related","Related",[35,1682,1683,1689,1694,1699,1704],{},[38,1684,1685,1686],{},"Up: ",[24,1687,1688],{"href":26},"CI\u002FCD pipelines for Python CLIs",[38,1690,1691],{},[24,1692,1693],{"href":74},"Publishing to PyPI with trusted publishing",[38,1695,1696],{},[24,1697,1698],{"href":51},"Deriving versions from git tags with hatch-vcs",[38,1700,1701],{},[24,1702,1703],{"href":67},"Automating changelogs with conventional commits",[38,1705,1706],{},[24,1707,1709],{"href":1708},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fmanaging-cli-versioning-changelogs\u002Fsemantic-versioning-policy-for-cli-tools\u002F","Semantic versioning policy for CLI tools",[1711,1712,1713],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code 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Logs",{"path":2146,"title":2147},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002Frefreshing-expired-tokens-automatically","Refreshing Expired Tokens Automatically in a Python CLI",{"path":2149,"title":2150},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002Fstoring-tokens-with-keyring","Storing CLI Tokens Securely with keyring",{"path":2152,"title":2153},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002Fsupporting-multiple-profiles-and-accounts","Supporting Multiple Profiles and Accounts in CLIs",{"path":2155,"title":2156},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fupdate-checks-and-self-updating-clis\u002Fchecking-pypi-for-a-newer-version","Checking PyPI for a Newer Version of Your Python CLI",{"path":2158,"title":2159},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fupdate-checks-and-self-updating-clis","Update Checks, Upgrade Commands and Telemetry for Python CLIs",{"path":2161,"title":2162},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fupdate-checks-and-self-updating-clis\u002Fopt-in-usage-telemetry-for-python-clis","Opt-In Usage Telemetry for Python CLIs Done Responsibly",{"path":2164,"title":2165},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fupdate-checks-and-self-updating-clis\u002Fself-upgrading-a-cli-installed-with-pipx-or-uv","Self-Upgrading a Python CLI Installed with pipx or uv",{"path":2167,"title":2168},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fupdate-checks-and-self-updating-clis\u002Fshowing-non-blocking-update-notices","Showing Non-Blocking Update Notices in a Python CLI",{"path":2170,"title":2171},"\u002F","Python CLI Toolcraft",{"path":2173,"title":2174},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Falternative-python-cli-frameworks\u002Fbuilding-a-cli-with-cleo","Building a Python CLI with Cleo Command 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Python CLI Startup Time",{"path":2206,"title":2207},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcli-startup-performance-and-lazy-loading\u002Freducing-cli-dependency-weight","Reducing CLI Dependency Weight",{"path":2209,"title":2210},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Fargparse-subparsers-for-subcommands","argparse Subparsers for Subcommands",{"path":2212,"title":2213},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Fargparse-vs-click-vs-typer-comparison","argparse vs Click vs Typer Compared",{"path":2215,"title":2216},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Fargument-groups-and-help-formatting-in-argparse","Argument Groups and Help Formatting in argparse",{"path":2218,"title":2219},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse","Command-Line Parsing with argparse",{"path":2221,"title":2222},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Fmigrating-from-argparse-to-typer","Migrating from argparse to Typer",{"path":2224,"title":2225},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Fmutually-exclusive-options-in-argparse","Mutually Exclusive Options in argparse",{"path":2227,"title":2228},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Freading-arguments-from-files-with-fromfile-prefix-chars","Reading Arguments from Files with argparse’s fromfile_prefix_chars",{"path":2230,"title":2231},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcommand-line-parsing-with-argparse\u002Fwriting-custom-argparse-actions","Writing Custom argparse Actions in Python",{"path":2233,"title":2234},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fadding-dry-run-and-confirmation-to-destructive-commands","Adding Dry-Run and Confirmation to Destructive Commands",{"path":2236,"title":2237},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fdesigning-idempotent-commands","Designing Idempotent Commands in a Python CLI",{"path":2239,"title":2240},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Ffollowing-posix-and-gnu-argument-conventions","Following POSIX and GNU Argument Conventions in Python",{"path":2242,"title":2243},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fglobal-options-vs-per-command-options","Global Options vs Per-Command Options in Python CLIs",{"path":2245,"title":2246},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions","Designing CLI Interfaces and Conventions in Python",{"path":2248,"title":2249},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fnaming-commands-and-flags-consistently","Naming Commands and Flags Consistently in Python CLIs",{"path":2251,"title":2252},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fpositional-arguments-vs-options","Positional Arguments vs Options: Designing a CLI Signature",{"path":2254,"title":2255},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture","Python CLI Frameworks and Architecture",{"path":2257,"title":2258},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002Fdiscovering-plugins-with-entry-points","Discovering Plugins with Entry Points in Python CLIs",{"path":2260,"title":2261},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002Fhook-based-plugins-with-pluggy","Hook-Based Plugins for Python CLIs with pluggy",{"path":2263,"title":2264},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis","Plugin Architectures for Extensible CLIs",{"path":2266,"title":2267},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002Fisolating-plugin-failures","Isolating Plugin Failures in an Extensible Python CLI",{"path":2269,"title":2270},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002Ftesting-plugins-against-the-host-cli","Testing Plugins Against the Host CLI",{"path":2272,"title":2273},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002Fversioning-a-plugin-api","Versioning a Plugin API for a Python 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