[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3607},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftyper-vs-click-when-to-use-each\u002Fbuilding-dynamic-commands-in-click\u002F":3,"content-directory":2764},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":2750,"description":2751,"difficulty":2752,"draft":2753,"extension":2754,"meta":2755,"navigation":164,"path":2756,"seo":2757,"stem":2758,"tags":2759,"updated":2750,"__hash__":2763},"content\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftyper-vs-click-when-to-use-each\u002Fbuilding-dynamic-commands-in-click\u002Findex.md","Building Dynamic Commands in Click",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2732},"minimark",[9,41,46,64,68,95,99,112,116,123,1335,1634,1637,1750,1753,1784,1787,1792,1806,1829,1839,1863,1867,1870,1906,1910,1917,2584,2591,2595,2603,2607,2611,2638,2642,2655,2659,2669,2673,2684,2688,2694,2698,2728],[10,11,12,13,17,18,21,22,26,27,30,31,34,35,40],"p",{},"Decorators are the usual way to define Click commands, and they assume you know every command when you write the code. Some CLIs do not. A team toolbox wants each script dropped into a directory to become a subcommand. Power users want to define their own aliases (",[14,15,16],"code",{},"mytool dp"," for ",[14,19,20],{},"mytool deploy --env prod","). An API wrapper wants one command per endpoint in a schema that changes independently of the code. A large tool wants to import each command's module only when that command runs. All of these need commands that are ",[23,24,25],"strong",{},"created at runtime",", and Click supports it directly: a group's contents are whatever its ",[14,28,29],{},"list_commands"," and ",[14,32,33],{},"get_command"," methods say they are. This guide builds a group that loads commands from a directory of scripts, adds user-defined aliases, keeps startup fast by loading only what is invoked, and tests it. It is one of the reasons to choose Click over Typer for some tools, discussed in the ",[36,37,39],"a",{"href":38},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftyper-vs-click-when-to-use-each\u002F","Typer vs Click topic",".",[42,43,45],"h2",{"id":44},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[47,48,49,57],"ul",{},[50,51,52,53,56],"li",{},"Click 8.1+. (For Typer apps, the same idea works with a ",[14,54,55],{},"TyperGroup"," subclass; see the FAQ at the end.)",[50,58,59,60,40],{},"Familiarity with Click groups and commands, as in ",[36,61,63],{"href":62},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftyper-vs-click-when-to-use-each\u002Fbuilding-a-cli-with-subcommands-in-click\u002F","building a CLI with subcommands in Click",[42,65,67],{"id":66},"how-click-asks-a-group-for-its-commands","How Click asks a group for its commands",[10,69,70,71,74,75,78,79,82,83,86,87,90,91,94],{},"A ",[14,72,73],{},"click.Group"," answers two questions. ",[14,76,77],{},"list_commands(ctx)"," returns the names of available commands — used for ",[14,80,81],{},"--help"," and shell completion. ",[14,84,85],{},"get_command(ctx, name)"," returns a ",[14,88,89],{},"click.Command"," for one name, or ",[14,92,93],{},"None"," if it does not exist — used when the user invokes a command. The default implementation reads a dictionary filled by decorators; override the two methods and the commands can come from anywhere.",[96,97],"inline-diagram",{"name":98},"dc-multicommand",[10,100,101,102,104,105,108,109,111],{},"Because ",[14,103,33],{}," is called with the single name the user typed, a group can build or import ",[23,106,107],{},"only that command",". Listing is kept cheap — names only — so ",[14,110,81],{}," and completion stay fast however many commands exist.",[42,113,115],{"id":114},"the-recipe-commands-from-a-directory","The recipe: commands from a directory",[10,117,118,119,122],{},"Each file in a commands directory defines a Click command named ",[14,120,121],{},"cli",". The group lists files for help, and imports a file only when its command is invoked:",[124,125,130],"pre",{"className":126,"code":127,"language":128,"meta":129,"style":129},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fdynamic.py\nfrom __future__ import annotations\n\nimport importlib.util\nimport tomllib\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nimport click\n\n\nclass DirectoryGroup(click.Group):\n    \"\"\"Built-in commands plus one command per *.py file in a directory, plus user aliases.\"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, *args, commands_dir: Path, aliases_file: Path | None = None, **kwargs):\n        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)\n        self.commands_dir = commands_dir\n        self.aliases_file = aliases_file\n\n    # --- discovery -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    def _script_names(self) -> dict[str, Path]:\n        if not self.commands_dir.is_dir():\n            return {}\n        return {p.stem.replace(\"_\", \"-\"): p for p in self.commands_dir.glob(\"*.py\")\n                if not p.name.startswith(\"_\")}\n\n    def _aliases(self) -> dict[str, list[str]]:\n        if not (self.aliases_file and self.aliases_file.exists()):\n            return {}\n        data = tomllib.loads(self.aliases_file.read_text(encoding=\"utf-8\"))\n        return {name: str(expansion).split() for name, expansion in data.get(\"aliases\", {}).items()}\n\n    def list_commands(self, ctx: click.Context) -> list[str]:\n        names = set(super().list_commands(ctx)) | set(self._script_names()) | set(self._aliases())\n        return sorted(names)\n\n    # --- loading ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n    def get_command(self, ctx: click.Context, name: str) -> click.Command | None:\n        builtin = super().get_command(ctx, name)          # built-ins always win\n        if builtin is not None:\n            return builtin\n        script = self._script_names().get(name)\n        if script is not None:\n            return self._load_script(name, script)\n        expansion = self._aliases().get(name)\n        if expansion:\n            return self._alias_command(ctx, name, expansion)\n        return None\n\n    def _load_script(self, name: str, path: Path) -> click.Command:\n        spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(f\"mytool_user_commands.{path.stem}\", path)\n        module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\n        try:\n            spec.loader.exec_module(module)\n            cmd = getattr(module, \"cli\")\n        except Exception as exc:\n            raise click.ClickException(f\"command {name!r} from {path} failed to load: {exc}\") from exc\n        if not isinstance(cmd, click.Command):\n            raise click.ClickException(f\"{path} must define a click command named 'cli'\")\n        cmd.name = name\n        return cmd\n\n    def _alias_command(self, ctx: click.Context, name: str, expansion: list[str]) -> click.Command:\n        target = super().get_command(ctx, expansion[0]) or self._script_names().get(expansion[0])\n        if target is None:\n            raise click.ClickException(f\"alias {name!r} points at unknown command {expansion[0]!r}\")\n\n        @click.command(name=name, help=f\"Alias for: {' '.join(expansion)}\",\n                       context_settings={\"ignore_unknown_options\": True})\n        @click.argument(\"extra\", nargs=-1, type=click.UNPROCESSED)\n        @click.pass_context\n        def alias(inner: click.Context, extra: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:\n            args = expansion + list(extra)\n            inner.parent.command.main(args=args, prog_name=inner.parent.info_name,\n                                      standalone_mode=False, obj=inner.obj)\n\n        return alias\n","python","",[14,131,132,141,159,166,175,183,196,201,209,214,219,243,250,255,293,317,332,345,350,356,373,388,397,437,453,458,478,501,508,536,565,570,586,627,638,643,649,672,689,706,714,727,743,753,766,774,784,792,797,813,845,856,864,870,889,904,958,971,993,1004,1012,1017,1037,1069,1083,1124,1129,1169,1191,1228,1234,1260,1280,1301,1322,1327],{"__ignoreMap":129},[133,134,137],"span",{"class":135,"line":136},"line",1,[133,138,140],{"class":139},"sJ8bj","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fdynamic.py\n",[133,142,144,148,152,155],{"class":135,"line":143},2,[133,145,147],{"class":146},"szBVR","from",[133,149,151],{"class":150},"sj4cs"," __future__",[133,153,154],{"class":146}," import",[133,156,158],{"class":157},"sVt8B"," annotations\n",[133,160,162],{"class":135,"line":161},3,[133,163,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},true,"\n",[133,167,169,172],{"class":135,"line":168},4,[133,170,171],{"class":146},"import",[133,173,174],{"class":157}," importlib.util\n",[133,176,178,180],{"class":135,"line":177},5,[133,179,171],{"class":146},[133,181,182],{"class":157}," tomllib\n",[133,184,186,188,191,193],{"class":135,"line":185},6,[133,187,147],{"class":146},[133,189,190],{"class":157}," pathlib ",[133,192,171],{"class":146},[133,194,195],{"class":157}," Path\n",[133,197,199],{"class":135,"line":198},7,[133,200,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,202,204,206],{"class":135,"line":203},8,[133,205,171],{"class":146},[133,207,208],{"class":157}," click\n",[133,210,212],{"class":135,"line":211},9,[133,213,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,215,217],{"class":135,"line":216},10,[133,218,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,220,222,225,229,232,235,237,240],{"class":135,"line":221},11,[133,223,224],{"class":146},"class",[133,226,228],{"class":227},"sScJk"," DirectoryGroup",[133,230,231],{"class":157},"(",[133,233,234],{"class":227},"click",[133,236,40],{"class":157},[133,238,239],{"class":227},"Group",[133,241,242],{"class":157},"):\n",[133,244,246],{"class":135,"line":245},12,[133,247,249],{"class":248},"sZZnC","    \"\"\"Built-in commands plus one command per *.py file in a directory, plus user aliases.\"\"\"\n",[133,251,253],{"class":135,"line":252},13,[133,254,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,256,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,279,282,284,287,290],{"class":135,"line":257},14,[133,259,260],{"class":146},"    def",[133,262,263],{"class":150}," __init__",[133,265,266],{"class":157},"(self, ",[133,268,269],{"class":146},"*",[133,271,272],{"class":157},"args, commands_dir: Path, aliases_file: Path ",[133,274,275],{"class":146},"|",[133,277,278],{"class":150}," None",[133,280,281],{"class":146}," =",[133,283,278],{"class":150},[133,285,286],{"class":157},", ",[133,288,289],{"class":146},"**",[133,291,292],{"class":157},"kwargs):\n",[133,294,296,299,302,305,307,309,312,314],{"class":135,"line":295},15,[133,297,298],{"class":150},"        super",[133,300,301],{"class":157},"().",[133,303,304],{"class":150},"__init__",[133,306,231],{"class":157},[133,308,269],{"class":146},[133,310,311],{"class":157},"args, ",[133,313,289],{"class":146},[133,315,316],{"class":157},"kwargs)\n",[133,318,320,323,326,329],{"class":135,"line":319},16,[133,321,322],{"class":150},"        self",[133,324,325],{"class":157},".commands_dir ",[133,327,328],{"class":146},"=",[133,330,331],{"class":157}," commands_dir\n",[133,333,335,337,340,342],{"class":135,"line":334},17,[133,336,322],{"class":150},[133,338,339],{"class":157},".aliases_file ",[133,341,328],{"class":146},[133,343,344],{"class":157}," aliases_file\n",[133,346,348],{"class":135,"line":347},18,[133,349,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,351,353],{"class":135,"line":352},19,[133,354,355],{"class":139},"    # --- discovery -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",[133,357,359,361,364,367,370],{"class":135,"line":358},20,[133,360,260],{"class":146},[133,362,363],{"class":227}," _script_names",[133,365,366],{"class":157},"(self) -> dict[",[133,368,369],{"class":150},"str",[133,371,372],{"class":157},", Path]:\n",[133,374,376,379,382,385],{"class":135,"line":375},21,[133,377,378],{"class":146},"        if",[133,380,381],{"class":146}," not",[133,383,384],{"class":150}," self",[133,386,387],{"class":157},".commands_dir.is_dir():\n",[133,389,391,394],{"class":135,"line":390},22,[133,392,393],{"class":146},"            return",[133,395,396],{"class":157}," {}\n",[133,398,400,403,406,409,411,414,417,420,423,426,428,431,434],{"class":135,"line":399},23,[133,401,402],{"class":146},"        return",[133,404,405],{"class":157}," {p.stem.replace(",[133,407,408],{"class":248},"\"_\"",[133,410,286],{"class":157},[133,412,413],{"class":248},"\"-\"",[133,415,416],{"class":157},"): p ",[133,418,419],{"class":146},"for",[133,421,422],{"class":157}," p ",[133,424,425],{"class":146},"in",[133,427,384],{"class":150},[133,429,430],{"class":157},".commands_dir.glob(",[133,432,433],{"class":248},"\"*.py\"",[133,435,436],{"class":157},")\n",[133,438,440,443,445,448,450],{"class":135,"line":439},24,[133,441,442],{"class":146},"                if",[133,444,381],{"class":146},[133,446,447],{"class":157}," p.name.startswith(",[133,449,408],{"class":248},[133,451,452],{"class":157},")}\n",[133,454,456],{"class":135,"line":455},25,[133,457,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,459,461,463,466,468,470,473,475],{"class":135,"line":460},26,[133,462,260],{"class":146},[133,464,465],{"class":227}," _aliases",[133,467,366],{"class":157},[133,469,369],{"class":150},[133,471,472],{"class":157},", list[",[133,474,369],{"class":150},[133,476,477],{"class":157},"]]:\n",[133,479,481,483,485,488,491,493,496,498],{"class":135,"line":480},27,[133,482,378],{"class":146},[133,484,381],{"class":146},[133,486,487],{"class":157}," (",[133,489,490],{"class":150},"self",[133,492,339],{"class":157},[133,494,495],{"class":146},"and",[133,497,384],{"class":150},[133,499,500],{"class":157},".aliases_file.exists()):\n",[133,502,504,506],{"class":135,"line":503},28,[133,505,393],{"class":146},[133,507,396],{"class":157},[133,509,511,514,516,519,521,524,528,530,533],{"class":135,"line":510},29,[133,512,513],{"class":157},"        data ",[133,515,328],{"class":146},[133,517,518],{"class":157}," tomllib.loads(",[133,520,490],{"class":150},[133,522,523],{"class":157},".aliases_file.read_text(",[133,525,527],{"class":526},"s4XuR","encoding",[133,529,328],{"class":146},[133,531,532],{"class":248},"\"utf-8\"",[133,534,535],{"class":157},"))\n",[133,537,539,541,544,546,549,551,554,556,559,562],{"class":135,"line":538},30,[133,540,402],{"class":146},[133,542,543],{"class":157}," {name: ",[133,545,369],{"class":150},[133,547,548],{"class":157},"(expansion).split() ",[133,550,419],{"class":146},[133,552,553],{"class":157}," name, expansion ",[133,555,425],{"class":146},[133,557,558],{"class":157}," data.get(",[133,560,561],{"class":248},"\"aliases\"",[133,563,564],{"class":157},", {}).items()}\n",[133,566,568],{"class":135,"line":567},31,[133,569,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,571,573,575,578,581,583],{"class":135,"line":572},32,[133,574,260],{"class":146},[133,576,577],{"class":227}," list_commands",[133,579,580],{"class":157},"(self, ctx: click.Context) -> list[",[133,582,369],{"class":150},[133,584,585],{"class":157},"]:\n",[133,587,589,592,594,597,599,602,605,607,609,611,613,616,618,620,622,624],{"class":135,"line":588},33,[133,590,591],{"class":157},"        names ",[133,593,328],{"class":146},[133,595,596],{"class":150}," set",[133,598,231],{"class":157},[133,600,601],{"class":150},"super",[133,603,604],{"class":157},"().list_commands(ctx)) ",[133,606,275],{"class":146},[133,608,596],{"class":150},[133,610,231],{"class":157},[133,612,490],{"class":150},[133,614,615],{"class":157},"._script_names()) ",[133,617,275],{"class":146},[133,619,596],{"class":150},[133,621,231],{"class":157},[133,623,490],{"class":150},[133,625,626],{"class":157},"._aliases())\n",[133,628,630,632,635],{"class":135,"line":629},34,[133,631,402],{"class":146},[133,633,634],{"class":150}," sorted",[133,636,637],{"class":157},"(names)\n",[133,639,641],{"class":135,"line":640},35,[133,642,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,644,646],{"class":135,"line":645},36,[133,647,648],{"class":139},"    # --- loading ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",[133,650,652,654,657,660,662,665,667,669],{"class":135,"line":651},37,[133,653,260],{"class":146},[133,655,656],{"class":227}," get_command",[133,658,659],{"class":157},"(self, ctx: click.Context, name: ",[133,661,369],{"class":150},[133,663,664],{"class":157},") -> click.Command ",[133,666,275],{"class":146},[133,668,278],{"class":150},[133,670,671],{"class":157},":\n",[133,673,675,678,680,683,686],{"class":135,"line":674},38,[133,676,677],{"class":157},"        builtin ",[133,679,328],{"class":146},[133,681,682],{"class":150}," super",[133,684,685],{"class":157},"().get_command(ctx, name)          ",[133,687,688],{"class":139},"# built-ins always win\n",[133,690,692,694,697,700,702,704],{"class":135,"line":691},39,[133,693,378],{"class":146},[133,695,696],{"class":157}," builtin ",[133,698,699],{"class":146},"is",[133,701,381],{"class":146},[133,703,278],{"class":150},[133,705,671],{"class":157},[133,707,709,711],{"class":135,"line":708},40,[133,710,393],{"class":146},[133,712,713],{"class":157}," builtin\n",[133,715,717,720,722,724],{"class":135,"line":716},41,[133,718,719],{"class":157},"        script ",[133,721,328],{"class":146},[133,723,384],{"class":150},[133,725,726],{"class":157},"._script_names().get(name)\n",[133,728,730,732,735,737,739,741],{"class":135,"line":729},42,[133,731,378],{"class":146},[133,733,734],{"class":157}," script ",[133,736,699],{"class":146},[133,738,381],{"class":146},[133,740,278],{"class":150},[133,742,671],{"class":157},[133,744,746,748,750],{"class":135,"line":745},43,[133,747,393],{"class":146},[133,749,384],{"class":150},[133,751,752],{"class":157},"._load_script(name, script)\n",[133,754,756,759,761,763],{"class":135,"line":755},44,[133,757,758],{"class":157},"        expansion ",[133,760,328],{"class":146},[133,762,384],{"class":150},[133,764,765],{"class":157},"._aliases().get(name)\n",[133,767,769,771],{"class":135,"line":768},45,[133,770,378],{"class":146},[133,772,773],{"class":157}," expansion:\n",[133,775,777,779,781],{"class":135,"line":776},46,[133,778,393],{"class":146},[133,780,384],{"class":150},[133,782,783],{"class":157},"._alias_command(ctx, name, expansion)\n",[133,785,787,789],{"class":135,"line":786},47,[133,788,402],{"class":146},[133,790,791],{"class":150}," None\n",[133,793,795],{"class":135,"line":794},48,[133,796,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,798,800,802,805,808,810],{"class":135,"line":799},49,[133,801,260],{"class":146},[133,803,804],{"class":227}," _load_script",[133,806,807],{"class":157},"(self, name: ",[133,809,369],{"class":150},[133,811,812],{"class":157},", path: Path) -> click.Command:\n",[133,814,816,819,821,824,827,830,833,836,839,842],{"class":135,"line":815},50,[133,817,818],{"class":157},"        spec ",[133,820,328],{"class":146},[133,822,823],{"class":157}," importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(",[133,825,826],{"class":146},"f",[133,828,829],{"class":248},"\"mytool_user_commands.",[133,831,832],{"class":150},"{",[133,834,835],{"class":157},"path.stem",[133,837,838],{"class":150},"}",[133,840,841],{"class":248},"\"",[133,843,844],{"class":157},", path)\n",[133,846,848,851,853],{"class":135,"line":847},51,[133,849,850],{"class":157},"        module ",[133,852,328],{"class":146},[133,854,855],{"class":157}," importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\n",[133,857,859,862],{"class":135,"line":858},52,[133,860,861],{"class":146},"        try",[133,863,671],{"class":157},[133,865,867],{"class":135,"line":866},53,[133,868,869],{"class":157},"            spec.loader.exec_module(module)\n",[133,871,873,876,878,881,884,887],{"class":135,"line":872},54,[133,874,875],{"class":157},"            cmd ",[133,877,328],{"class":146},[133,879,880],{"class":150}," getattr",[133,882,883],{"class":157},"(module, ",[133,885,886],{"class":248},"\"cli\"",[133,888,436],{"class":157},[133,890,892,895,898,901],{"class":135,"line":891},55,[133,893,894],{"class":146},"        except",[133,896,897],{"class":150}," Exception",[133,899,900],{"class":146}," as",[133,902,903],{"class":157}," exc:\n",[133,905,907,910,913,915,918,920,923,926,928,931,933,936,938,941,943,946,948,950,953,955],{"class":135,"line":906},56,[133,908,909],{"class":146},"            raise",[133,911,912],{"class":157}," click.ClickException(",[133,914,826],{"class":146},[133,916,917],{"class":248},"\"command ",[133,919,832],{"class":150},[133,921,922],{"class":157},"name",[133,924,925],{"class":146},"!r",[133,927,838],{"class":150},[133,929,930],{"class":248}," from ",[133,932,832],{"class":150},[133,934,935],{"class":157},"path",[133,937,838],{"class":150},[133,939,940],{"class":248}," failed to load: ",[133,942,832],{"class":150},[133,944,945],{"class":157},"exc",[133,947,838],{"class":150},[133,949,841],{"class":248},[133,951,952],{"class":157},") ",[133,954,147],{"class":146},[133,956,957],{"class":157}," exc\n",[133,959,961,963,965,968],{"class":135,"line":960},57,[133,962,378],{"class":146},[133,964,381],{"class":146},[133,966,967],{"class":150}," isinstance",[133,969,970],{"class":157},"(cmd, click.Command):\n",[133,972,974,976,978,980,982,984,986,988,991],{"class":135,"line":973},58,[133,975,909],{"class":146},[133,977,912],{"class":157},[133,979,826],{"class":146},[133,981,841],{"class":248},[133,983,832],{"class":150},[133,985,935],{"class":157},[133,987,838],{"class":150},[133,989,990],{"class":248}," must define a click command named 'cli'\"",[133,992,436],{"class":157},[133,994,996,999,1001],{"class":135,"line":995},59,[133,997,998],{"class":157},"        cmd.name ",[133,1000,328],{"class":146},[133,1002,1003],{"class":157}," name\n",[133,1005,1007,1009],{"class":135,"line":1006},60,[133,1008,402],{"class":146},[133,1010,1011],{"class":157}," cmd\n",[133,1013,1015],{"class":135,"line":1014},61,[133,1016,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1018,1020,1022,1025,1027,1029,1032,1034],{"class":135,"line":1019},62,[133,1021,260],{"class":146},[133,1023,1024],{"class":227}," _alias_command",[133,1026,659],{"class":157},[133,1028,369],{"class":150},[133,1030,1031],{"class":157},", expansion: list[",[133,1033,369],{"class":150},[133,1035,1036],{"class":157},"]) -> click.Command:\n",[133,1038,1040,1043,1045,1047,1050,1053,1056,1059,1061,1064,1066],{"class":135,"line":1039},63,[133,1041,1042],{"class":157},"        target ",[133,1044,328],{"class":146},[133,1046,682],{"class":150},[133,1048,1049],{"class":157},"().get_command(ctx, expansion[",[133,1051,1052],{"class":150},"0",[133,1054,1055],{"class":157},"]) ",[133,1057,1058],{"class":146},"or",[133,1060,384],{"class":150},[133,1062,1063],{"class":157},"._script_names().get(expansion[",[133,1065,1052],{"class":150},[133,1067,1068],{"class":157},"])\n",[133,1070,1072,1074,1077,1079,1081],{"class":135,"line":1071},64,[133,1073,378],{"class":146},[133,1075,1076],{"class":157}," target ",[133,1078,699],{"class":146},[133,1080,278],{"class":150},[133,1082,671],{"class":157},[133,1084,1086,1088,1090,1092,1095,1097,1099,1101,1103,1106,1108,1111,1113,1116,1118,1120,1122],{"class":135,"line":1085},65,[133,1087,909],{"class":146},[133,1089,912],{"class":157},[133,1091,826],{"class":146},[133,1093,1094],{"class":248},"\"alias ",[133,1096,832],{"class":150},[133,1098,922],{"class":157},[133,1100,925],{"class":146},[133,1102,838],{"class":150},[133,1104,1105],{"class":248}," points at unknown command ",[133,1107,832],{"class":150},[133,1109,1110],{"class":157},"expansion[",[133,1112,1052],{"class":150},[133,1114,1115],{"class":157},"]",[133,1117,925],{"class":146},[133,1119,838],{"class":150},[133,1121,841],{"class":248},[133,1123,436],{"class":157},[133,1125,1127],{"class":135,"line":1126},66,[133,1128,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1130,1132,1135,1137,1139,1141,1144,1147,1149,1151,1154,1156,1159,1162,1164,1166],{"class":135,"line":1131},67,[133,1133,1134],{"class":227},"        @click.command",[133,1136,231],{"class":157},[133,1138,922],{"class":526},[133,1140,328],{"class":146},[133,1142,1143],{"class":157},"name, ",[133,1145,1146],{"class":526},"help",[133,1148,328],{"class":146},[133,1150,826],{"class":146},[133,1152,1153],{"class":248},"\"Alias for: ",[133,1155,832],{"class":150},[133,1157,1158],{"class":248},"' '",[133,1160,1161],{"class":157},".join(expansion)",[133,1163,838],{"class":150},[133,1165,841],{"class":248},[133,1167,1168],{"class":157},",\n",[133,1170,1172,1175,1177,1179,1182,1185,1188],{"class":135,"line":1171},68,[133,1173,1174],{"class":526},"                       context_settings",[133,1176,328],{"class":146},[133,1178,832],{"class":157},[133,1180,1181],{"class":248},"\"ignore_unknown_options\"",[133,1183,1184],{"class":157},": ",[133,1186,1187],{"class":150},"True",[133,1189,1190],{"class":157},"})\n",[133,1192,1194,1197,1199,1202,1204,1207,1210,1213,1215,1218,1220,1223,1226],{"class":135,"line":1193},69,[133,1195,1196],{"class":227},"        @click.argument",[133,1198,231],{"class":157},[133,1200,1201],{"class":248},"\"extra\"",[133,1203,286],{"class":157},[133,1205,1206],{"class":526},"nargs",[133,1208,1209],{"class":146},"=-",[133,1211,1212],{"class":150},"1",[133,1214,286],{"class":157},[133,1216,1217],{"class":526},"type",[133,1219,328],{"class":146},[133,1221,1222],{"class":157},"click.",[133,1224,1225],{"class":150},"UNPROCESSED",[133,1227,436],{"class":157},[133,1229,1231],{"class":135,"line":1230},70,[133,1232,1233],{"class":227},"        @click.pass_context\n",[133,1235,1237,1240,1243,1246,1248,1250,1253,1256,1258],{"class":135,"line":1236},71,[133,1238,1239],{"class":146},"        def",[133,1241,1242],{"class":227}," alias",[133,1244,1245],{"class":157},"(inner: click.Context, extra: tuple[",[133,1247,369],{"class":150},[133,1249,286],{"class":157},[133,1251,1252],{"class":150},"...",[133,1254,1255],{"class":157},"]) -> ",[133,1257,93],{"class":150},[133,1259,671],{"class":157},[133,1261,1263,1266,1268,1271,1274,1277],{"class":135,"line":1262},72,[133,1264,1265],{"class":157},"            args ",[133,1267,328],{"class":146},[133,1269,1270],{"class":157}," expansion ",[133,1272,1273],{"class":146},"+",[133,1275,1276],{"class":150}," list",[133,1278,1279],{"class":157},"(extra)\n",[133,1281,1283,1286,1289,1291,1293,1296,1298],{"class":135,"line":1282},73,[133,1284,1285],{"class":157},"            inner.parent.command.main(",[133,1287,1288],{"class":526},"args",[133,1290,328],{"class":146},[133,1292,311],{"class":157},[133,1294,1295],{"class":526},"prog_name",[133,1297,328],{"class":146},[133,1299,1300],{"class":157},"inner.parent.info_name,\n",[133,1302,1304,1307,1309,1312,1314,1317,1319],{"class":135,"line":1303},74,[133,1305,1306],{"class":526},"                                      standalone_mode",[133,1308,328],{"class":146},[133,1310,1311],{"class":150},"False",[133,1313,286],{"class":157},[133,1315,1316],{"class":526},"obj",[133,1318,328],{"class":146},[133,1320,1321],{"class":157},"inner.obj)\n",[133,1323,1325],{"class":135,"line":1324},75,[133,1326,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1328,1330,1332],{"class":135,"line":1329},76,[133,1331,402],{"class":146},[133,1333,1334],{"class":157}," alias\n",[124,1336,1338],{"className":126,"code":1337,"language":128,"meta":129,"style":129},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nimport click\n\nfrom mytool.dynamic import DirectoryGroup\n\nCONFIG = Path.home() \u002F \".config\" \u002F \"mytool\"\n\n\n@click.group(cls=DirectoryGroup, commands_dir=CONFIG \u002F \"commands\", aliases_file=CONFIG \u002F \"aliases.toml\")\ndef cli() -> None:\n    \"\"\"Team toolbox: built-in commands plus your own.\"\"\"\n\n\n@cli.command()\n@click.argument(\"site\")\n@click.option(\"--env\", type=click.Choice([\"dev\", \"prod\"]), default=\"dev\")\ndef deploy(site: str, env: str) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Deploy SITE.\"\"\"\n    click.echo(f\"deploying {site} to {env}\")\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    cli()\n",[14,1339,1340,1345,1355,1359,1365,1369,1381,1385,1407,1411,1415,1458,1473,1478,1482,1486,1494,1506,1545,1569,1574,1605,1609,1613,1629],{"__ignoreMap":129},[133,1341,1342],{"class":135,"line":136},[133,1343,1344],{"class":139},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\n",[133,1346,1347,1349,1351,1353],{"class":135,"line":143},[133,1348,147],{"class":146},[133,1350,190],{"class":157},[133,1352,171],{"class":146},[133,1354,195],{"class":157},[133,1356,1357],{"class":135,"line":161},[133,1358,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1360,1361,1363],{"class":135,"line":168},[133,1362,171],{"class":146},[133,1364,208],{"class":157},[133,1366,1367],{"class":135,"line":177},[133,1368,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1370,1371,1373,1376,1378],{"class":135,"line":185},[133,1372,147],{"class":146},[133,1374,1375],{"class":157}," mytool.dynamic ",[133,1377,171],{"class":146},[133,1379,1380],{"class":157}," DirectoryGroup\n",[133,1382,1383],{"class":135,"line":198},[133,1384,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1386,1387,1390,1392,1395,1398,1401,1404],{"class":135,"line":203},[133,1388,1389],{"class":150},"CONFIG",[133,1391,281],{"class":146},[133,1393,1394],{"class":157}," Path.home() ",[133,1396,1397],{"class":146},"\u002F",[133,1399,1400],{"class":248}," \".config\"",[133,1402,1403],{"class":146}," \u002F",[133,1405,1406],{"class":248}," \"mytool\"\n",[133,1408,1409],{"class":135,"line":211},[133,1410,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1412,1413],{"class":135,"line":216},[133,1414,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1416,1417,1420,1422,1425,1427,1430,1433,1435,1437,1439,1442,1444,1447,1449,1451,1453,1456],{"class":135,"line":221},[133,1418,1419],{"class":227},"@click.group",[133,1421,231],{"class":157},[133,1423,1424],{"class":526},"cls",[133,1426,328],{"class":146},[133,1428,1429],{"class":157},"DirectoryGroup, ",[133,1431,1432],{"class":526},"commands_dir",[133,1434,328],{"class":146},[133,1436,1389],{"class":150},[133,1438,1403],{"class":146},[133,1440,1441],{"class":248}," \"commands\"",[133,1443,286],{"class":157},[133,1445,1446],{"class":526},"aliases_file",[133,1448,328],{"class":146},[133,1450,1389],{"class":150},[133,1452,1403],{"class":146},[133,1454,1455],{"class":248}," \"aliases.toml\"",[133,1457,436],{"class":157},[133,1459,1460,1463,1466,1469,1471],{"class":135,"line":245},[133,1461,1462],{"class":146},"def",[133,1464,1465],{"class":227}," cli",[133,1467,1468],{"class":157},"() -> ",[133,1470,93],{"class":150},[133,1472,671],{"class":157},[133,1474,1475],{"class":135,"line":252},[133,1476,1477],{"class":248},"    \"\"\"Team toolbox: built-in commands plus your own.\"\"\"\n",[133,1479,1480],{"class":135,"line":257},[133,1481,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1483,1484],{"class":135,"line":295},[133,1485,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1487,1488,1491],{"class":135,"line":319},[133,1489,1490],{"class":227},"@cli.command",[133,1492,1493],{"class":157},"()\n",[133,1495,1496,1499,1501,1504],{"class":135,"line":334},[133,1497,1498],{"class":227},"@click.argument",[133,1500,231],{"class":157},[133,1502,1503],{"class":248},"\"site\"",[133,1505,436],{"class":157},[133,1507,1508,1511,1513,1516,1518,1520,1522,1525,1528,1530,1533,1536,1539,1541,1543],{"class":135,"line":347},[133,1509,1510],{"class":227},"@click.option",[133,1512,231],{"class":157},[133,1514,1515],{"class":248},"\"--env\"",[133,1517,286],{"class":157},[133,1519,1217],{"class":526},[133,1521,328],{"class":146},[133,1523,1524],{"class":157},"click.Choice([",[133,1526,1527],{"class":248},"\"dev\"",[133,1529,286],{"class":157},[133,1531,1532],{"class":248},"\"prod\"",[133,1534,1535],{"class":157},"]), ",[133,1537,1538],{"class":526},"default",[133,1540,328],{"class":146},[133,1542,1527],{"class":248},[133,1544,436],{"class":157},[133,1546,1547,1549,1552,1555,1557,1560,1562,1565,1567],{"class":135,"line":352},[133,1548,1462],{"class":146},[133,1550,1551],{"class":227}," deploy",[133,1553,1554],{"class":157},"(site: ",[133,1556,369],{"class":150},[133,1558,1559],{"class":157},", env: ",[133,1561,369],{"class":150},[133,1563,1564],{"class":157},") -> ",[133,1566,93],{"class":150},[133,1568,671],{"class":157},[133,1570,1571],{"class":135,"line":358},[133,1572,1573],{"class":248},"    \"\"\"Deploy SITE.\"\"\"\n",[133,1575,1576,1579,1581,1584,1586,1589,1591,1594,1596,1599,1601,1603],{"class":135,"line":375},[133,1577,1578],{"class":157},"    click.echo(",[133,1580,826],{"class":146},[133,1582,1583],{"class":248},"\"deploying ",[133,1585,832],{"class":150},[133,1587,1588],{"class":157},"site",[133,1590,838],{"class":150},[133,1592,1593],{"class":248}," to ",[133,1595,832],{"class":150},[133,1597,1598],{"class":157},"env",[133,1600,838],{"class":150},[133,1602,841],{"class":248},[133,1604,436],{"class":157},[133,1606,1607],{"class":135,"line":390},[133,1608,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1610,1611],{"class":135,"line":399},[133,1612,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1614,1615,1618,1621,1624,1627],{"class":135,"line":439},[133,1616,1617],{"class":146},"if",[133,1619,1620],{"class":150}," __name__",[133,1622,1623],{"class":146}," ==",[133,1625,1626],{"class":248}," \"__main__\"",[133,1628,671],{"class":157},[133,1630,1631],{"class":135,"line":455},[133,1632,1633],{"class":157},"    cli()\n",[10,1635,1636],{},"A user command is an ordinary Click command in a file:",[124,1638,1640],{"className":126,"code":1639,"language":128,"meta":129,"style":129},"# ~\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Fcommands\u002Frotate_logs.py\nimport click\n\n\n@click.command()\n@click.option(\"--keep\", default=7, show_default=True, help=\"Days of logs to keep.\")\ndef cli(keep: int) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Delete log files older than KEEP days.\"\"\"\n    click.echo(f\"rotating logs, keeping {keep} days\")\n",[14,1641,1642,1647,1653,1657,1661,1668,1706,1724,1729],{"__ignoreMap":129},[133,1643,1644],{"class":135,"line":136},[133,1645,1646],{"class":139},"# ~\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Fcommands\u002Frotate_logs.py\n",[133,1648,1649,1651],{"class":135,"line":143},[133,1650,171],{"class":146},[133,1652,208],{"class":157},[133,1654,1655],{"class":135,"line":161},[133,1656,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1658,1659],{"class":135,"line":168},[133,1660,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1662,1663,1666],{"class":135,"line":177},[133,1664,1665],{"class":227},"@click.command",[133,1667,1493],{"class":157},[133,1669,1670,1672,1674,1677,1679,1681,1683,1686,1688,1691,1693,1695,1697,1699,1701,1704],{"class":135,"line":185},[133,1671,1510],{"class":227},[133,1673,231],{"class":157},[133,1675,1676],{"class":248},"\"--keep\"",[133,1678,286],{"class":157},[133,1680,1538],{"class":526},[133,1682,328],{"class":146},[133,1684,1685],{"class":150},"7",[133,1687,286],{"class":157},[133,1689,1690],{"class":526},"show_default",[133,1692,328],{"class":146},[133,1694,1187],{"class":150},[133,1696,286],{"class":157},[133,1698,1146],{"class":526},[133,1700,328],{"class":146},[133,1702,1703],{"class":248},"\"Days of logs to keep.\"",[133,1705,436],{"class":157},[133,1707,1708,1710,1712,1715,1718,1720,1722],{"class":135,"line":198},[133,1709,1462],{"class":146},[133,1711,1465],{"class":227},[133,1713,1714],{"class":157},"(keep: ",[133,1716,1717],{"class":150},"int",[133,1719,1564],{"class":157},[133,1721,93],{"class":150},[133,1723,671],{"class":157},[133,1725,1726],{"class":135,"line":203},[133,1727,1728],{"class":248},"    \"\"\"Delete log files older than KEEP days.\"\"\"\n",[133,1730,1731,1733,1735,1738,1740,1743,1745,1748],{"class":135,"line":211},[133,1732,1578],{"class":157},[133,1734,826],{"class":146},[133,1736,1737],{"class":248},"\"rotating logs, keeping ",[133,1739,832],{"class":150},[133,1741,1742],{"class":157},"keep",[133,1744,838],{"class":150},[133,1746,1747],{"class":248}," days\"",[133,1749,436],{"class":157},[10,1751,1752],{},"And aliases live in TOML:",[124,1754,1758],{"className":1755,"code":1756,"language":1757,"meta":129,"style":129},"language-toml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# ~\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Faliases.toml\n[aliases]\ndp = \"deploy --env prod\"\n","toml",[14,1759,1760,1765,1776],{"__ignoreMap":129},[133,1761,1762],{"class":135,"line":136},[133,1763,1764],{"class":139},"# ~\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Faliases.toml\n",[133,1766,1767,1770,1773],{"class":135,"line":143},[133,1768,1769],{"class":157},"[",[133,1771,1772],{"class":227},"aliases",[133,1774,1775],{"class":157},"]\n",[133,1777,1778,1781],{"class":135,"line":161},[133,1779,1780],{"class":157},"dp = ",[133,1782,1783],{"class":248},"\"deploy --env prod\"\n",[96,1785],{"name":1786},"dc-sources",[1788,1789,1791],"h3",{"id":1790},"why-it-is-shaped-this-way","Why it is shaped this way",[10,1793,1794,1797,1798,1801,1802,1805],{},[23,1795,1796],{},"Built-ins win."," A user script or alias named ",[14,1799,1800],{},"deploy"," could otherwise shadow the real command. Checking ",[14,1803,1804],{},"super().get_command"," first keeps the tool's own interface stable.",[10,1807,1808,1811,1812,1814,1815,1817,1818,1821,1822,1824,1825,40],{},[23,1809,1810],{},"Only the invoked script is imported."," ",[14,1813,29],{}," reads file names; ",[14,1816,33],{}," executes one file. A directory with fifty scripts costs fifty ",[14,1819,1820],{},"stat"," calls for ",[14,1823,81],{},", not fifty imports. The same technique, applied to your own modules, is the basis of ",[36,1826,1828],{"href":1827},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcli-startup-performance-and-lazy-loading\u002Flazy-loading-subcommands-for-faster-startup\u002F","lazy-loading subcommands for faster startup",[10,1830,1831,1834,1835,1838],{},[23,1832,1833],{},"Loading failures are user errors, not tracebacks."," A syntax error in someone's script raises ",[14,1836,1837],{},"ClickException",", which Click prints as a one-line error with exit status 1. The rest of the tool keeps working.",[10,1840,1841,1844,1845,1848,1849,30,1852,1854,1855,1858,1859,1862],{},[23,1842,1843],{},"Aliases re-enter the group."," An alias expands its words and calls the group's ",[14,1846,1847],{},"main"," again, so the expanded command goes through the same parsing, validation and help as if the user had typed it. ",[14,1850,1851],{},"ignore_unknown_options",[14,1853,1225],{}," pass any extra words through untouched (",[14,1856,1857],{},"mytool dp web"," becomes ",[14,1860,1861],{},"deploy --env prod web",").",[42,1864,1866],{"id":1865},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[96,1868],{"name":1869},"dc-terminal",[47,1871,1872,1881,1891,1900],{},[50,1873,1874,1877,1878,1880],{},[23,1875,1876],{},"Show dynamic commands in help like any other."," Because they are real ",[14,1879,89],{}," objects, their docstrings become help text and their options are validated normally. Consider a separate help section for user commands so people can tell them apart from built-ins.",[50,1882,1883,1886,1887,1890],{},[23,1884,1885],{},"Tell users where commands come from."," A ",[14,1888,1889],{},"mytool commands --where"," listing each command's source (built-in, script path, alias expansion) makes a directory-driven tool debuggable.",[50,1892,1893,1896,1897,1899],{},[23,1894,1895],{},"Keep completion working."," Shell completion calls ",[14,1898,29],{}," too, so dynamic commands complete automatically — one reason to keep listing cheap.",[50,1901,1902,1905],{},[23,1903,1904],{},"Treat the directory as trusted code."," Scripts run with the tool's permissions. Load them only from a user-owned config directory, never from the current working directory, where a cloned repository could plant one.",[42,1907,1909],{"id":1908},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,1911,1912,1913,1916],{},"Point the group at temporary directories and invoke it with ",[14,1914,1915],{},"CliRunner",":",[124,1918,1920],{"className":126,"code":1919,"language":128,"meta":129,"style":129},"# tests\u002Ftest_dynamic.py\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nimport click\nfrom click.testing import CliRunner\n\nfrom mytool.dynamic import DirectoryGroup\n\n\ndef make_cli(tmp_path: Path) -> click.Group:\n    @click.group(cls=DirectoryGroup, commands_dir=tmp_path \u002F \"commands\",\n                 aliases_file=tmp_path \u002F \"aliases.toml\")\n    def cli() -> None:\n        \"\"\"Test toolbox.\"\"\"\n\n    @cli.command()\n    @click.argument(\"site\")\n    @click.option(\"--env\", default=\"dev\")\n    def deploy(site: str, env: str) -> None:\n        click.echo(f\"deploying {site} to {env}\")\n\n    return cli\n\n\ndef write(path: Path, text: str) -> None:\n    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n    path.write_text(text, encoding=\"utf-8\")\n\n\nSCRIPT = 'import click\\n@click.command()\\n@click.option(\"--keep\", default=7)\\ndef cli(keep):\\n    click.echo(f\"keep={keep}\")\\n'\n\n\ndef test_script_becomes_a_command(tmp_path):\n    write(tmp_path \u002F \"commands\" \u002F \"rotate_logs.py\", SCRIPT)\n    runner = CliRunner()\n    assert \"rotate-logs\" in runner.invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [\"--help\"]).output\n    assert runner.invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [\"rotate-logs\", \"--keep\", \"3\"]).output == \"keep=3\\n\"\n\n\ndef test_alias_expands_with_extra_args(tmp_path):\n    write(tmp_path \u002F \"aliases.toml\", '[aliases]\\ndp = \"deploy --env prod\"\\n')\n    result = CliRunner().invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [\"dp\", \"web\"])\n    assert result.output == \"deploying web to prod\\n\"\n\n\ndef test_broken_script_is_a_clean_error(tmp_path):\n    write(tmp_path \u002F \"commands\" \u002F \"broken.py\", \"this is not python\\n\")\n    result = CliRunner().invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [\"broken\"])\n    assert result.exit_code == 1 and \"failed to load\" in result.output\n\n\ndef test_builtins_cannot_be_shadowed(tmp_path):\n    write(tmp_path \u002F \"commands\" \u002F \"deploy.py\", SCRIPT)\n    result = CliRunner().invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [\"deploy\", \"web\"])\n    assert result.output == \"deploying web to dev\\n\"\n",[14,1921,1922,1927,1937,1941,1947,1959,1963,1973,1977,1981,1991,2017,2032,2044,2049,2053,2060,2071,2090,2110,2137,2141,2149,2153,2157,2175,2198,2211,2215,2219,2261,2265,2269,2279,2299,2309,2329,2361,2365,2369,2378,2403,2423,2439,2443,2447,2456,2480,2493,2516,2520,2524,2533,2552,2569],{"__ignoreMap":129},[133,1923,1924],{"class":135,"line":136},[133,1925,1926],{"class":139},"# tests\u002Ftest_dynamic.py\n",[133,1928,1929,1931,1933,1935],{"class":135,"line":143},[133,1930,147],{"class":146},[133,1932,190],{"class":157},[133,1934,171],{"class":146},[133,1936,195],{"class":157},[133,1938,1939],{"class":135,"line":161},[133,1940,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1942,1943,1945],{"class":135,"line":168},[133,1944,171],{"class":146},[133,1946,208],{"class":157},[133,1948,1949,1951,1954,1956],{"class":135,"line":177},[133,1950,147],{"class":146},[133,1952,1953],{"class":157}," click.testing ",[133,1955,171],{"class":146},[133,1957,1958],{"class":157}," CliRunner\n",[133,1960,1961],{"class":135,"line":185},[133,1962,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1964,1965,1967,1969,1971],{"class":135,"line":198},[133,1966,147],{"class":146},[133,1968,1375],{"class":157},[133,1970,171],{"class":146},[133,1972,1380],{"class":157},[133,1974,1975],{"class":135,"line":203},[133,1976,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1978,1979],{"class":135,"line":211},[133,1980,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,1982,1983,1985,1988],{"class":135,"line":216},[133,1984,1462],{"class":146},[133,1986,1987],{"class":227}," make_cli",[133,1989,1990],{"class":157},"(tmp_path: Path) -> click.Group:\n",[133,1992,1993,1996,1998,2000,2002,2004,2006,2008,2011,2013,2015],{"class":135,"line":221},[133,1994,1995],{"class":227},"    @click.group",[133,1997,231],{"class":157},[133,1999,1424],{"class":526},[133,2001,328],{"class":146},[133,2003,1429],{"class":157},[133,2005,1432],{"class":526},[133,2007,328],{"class":146},[133,2009,2010],{"class":157},"tmp_path ",[133,2012,1397],{"class":146},[133,2014,1441],{"class":248},[133,2016,1168],{"class":157},[133,2018,2019,2022,2024,2026,2028,2030],{"class":135,"line":245},[133,2020,2021],{"class":526},"                 aliases_file",[133,2023,328],{"class":146},[133,2025,2010],{"class":157},[133,2027,1397],{"class":146},[133,2029,1455],{"class":248},[133,2031,436],{"class":157},[133,2033,2034,2036,2038,2040,2042],{"class":135,"line":252},[133,2035,260],{"class":146},[133,2037,1465],{"class":227},[133,2039,1468],{"class":157},[133,2041,93],{"class":150},[133,2043,671],{"class":157},[133,2045,2046],{"class":135,"line":257},[133,2047,2048],{"class":248},"        \"\"\"Test toolbox.\"\"\"\n",[133,2050,2051],{"class":135,"line":295},[133,2052,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2054,2055,2058],{"class":135,"line":319},[133,2056,2057],{"class":227},"    @cli.command",[133,2059,1493],{"class":157},[133,2061,2062,2065,2067,2069],{"class":135,"line":334},[133,2063,2064],{"class":227},"    @click.argument",[133,2066,231],{"class":157},[133,2068,1503],{"class":248},[133,2070,436],{"class":157},[133,2072,2073,2076,2078,2080,2082,2084,2086,2088],{"class":135,"line":347},[133,2074,2075],{"class":227},"    @click.option",[133,2077,231],{"class":157},[133,2079,1515],{"class":248},[133,2081,286],{"class":157},[133,2083,1538],{"class":526},[133,2085,328],{"class":146},[133,2087,1527],{"class":248},[133,2089,436],{"class":157},[133,2091,2092,2094,2096,2098,2100,2102,2104,2106,2108],{"class":135,"line":352},[133,2093,260],{"class":146},[133,2095,1551],{"class":227},[133,2097,1554],{"class":157},[133,2099,369],{"class":150},[133,2101,1559],{"class":157},[133,2103,369],{"class":150},[133,2105,1564],{"class":157},[133,2107,93],{"class":150},[133,2109,671],{"class":157},[133,2111,2112,2115,2117,2119,2121,2123,2125,2127,2129,2131,2133,2135],{"class":135,"line":358},[133,2113,2114],{"class":157},"        click.echo(",[133,2116,826],{"class":146},[133,2118,1583],{"class":248},[133,2120,832],{"class":150},[133,2122,1588],{"class":157},[133,2124,838],{"class":150},[133,2126,1593],{"class":248},[133,2128,832],{"class":150},[133,2130,1598],{"class":157},[133,2132,838],{"class":150},[133,2134,841],{"class":248},[133,2136,436],{"class":157},[133,2138,2139],{"class":135,"line":375},[133,2140,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2142,2143,2146],{"class":135,"line":390},[133,2144,2145],{"class":146},"    return",[133,2147,2148],{"class":157}," cli\n",[133,2150,2151],{"class":135,"line":399},[133,2152,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2154,2155],{"class":135,"line":439},[133,2156,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2158,2159,2161,2164,2167,2169,2171,2173],{"class":135,"line":455},[133,2160,1462],{"class":146},[133,2162,2163],{"class":227}," write",[133,2165,2166],{"class":157},"(path: Path, text: ",[133,2168,369],{"class":150},[133,2170,1564],{"class":157},[133,2172,93],{"class":150},[133,2174,671],{"class":157},[133,2176,2177,2180,2183,2185,2187,2189,2192,2194,2196],{"class":135,"line":460},[133,2178,2179],{"class":157},"    path.parent.mkdir(",[133,2181,2182],{"class":526},"parents",[133,2184,328],{"class":146},[133,2186,1187],{"class":150},[133,2188,286],{"class":157},[133,2190,2191],{"class":526},"exist_ok",[133,2193,328],{"class":146},[133,2195,1187],{"class":150},[133,2197,436],{"class":157},[133,2199,2200,2203,2205,2207,2209],{"class":135,"line":480},[133,2201,2202],{"class":157},"    path.write_text(text, ",[133,2204,527],{"class":526},[133,2206,328],{"class":146},[133,2208,532],{"class":248},[133,2210,436],{"class":157},[133,2212,2213],{"class":135,"line":503},[133,2214,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2216,2217],{"class":135,"line":510},[133,2218,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2220,2221,2224,2226,2229,2232,2235,2237,2240,2242,2245,2247,2250,2253,2256,2258],{"class":135,"line":538},[133,2222,2223],{"class":150},"SCRIPT",[133,2225,281],{"class":146},[133,2227,2228],{"class":248}," 'import click",[133,2230,2231],{"class":150},"\\n",[133,2233,2234],{"class":248},"@click.command()",[133,2236,2231],{"class":150},[133,2238,2239],{"class":248},"@click.option(\"--keep\", default=7)",[133,2241,2231],{"class":150},[133,2243,2244],{"class":248},"def cli(keep):",[133,2246,2231],{"class":150},[133,2248,2249],{"class":248},"    click.echo(f\"keep=",[133,2251,2252],{"class":150},"{keep}",[133,2254,2255],{"class":248},"\")",[133,2257,2231],{"class":150},[133,2259,2260],{"class":248},"'\n",[133,2262,2263],{"class":135,"line":567},[133,2264,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2266,2267],{"class":135,"line":572},[133,2268,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2270,2271,2273,2276],{"class":135,"line":588},[133,2272,1462],{"class":146},[133,2274,2275],{"class":227}," test_script_becomes_a_command",[133,2277,2278],{"class":157},"(tmp_path):\n",[133,2280,2281,2284,2286,2288,2290,2293,2295,2297],{"class":135,"line":629},[133,2282,2283],{"class":157},"    write(tmp_path ",[133,2285,1397],{"class":146},[133,2287,1441],{"class":248},[133,2289,1403],{"class":146},[133,2291,2292],{"class":248}," \"rotate_logs.py\"",[133,2294,286],{"class":157},[133,2296,2223],{"class":150},[133,2298,436],{"class":157},[133,2300,2301,2304,2306],{"class":135,"line":640},[133,2302,2303],{"class":157},"    runner ",[133,2305,328],{"class":146},[133,2307,2308],{"class":157}," CliRunner()\n",[133,2310,2311,2314,2317,2320,2323,2326],{"class":135,"line":645},[133,2312,2313],{"class":146},"    assert",[133,2315,2316],{"class":248}," \"rotate-logs\"",[133,2318,2319],{"class":146}," in",[133,2321,2322],{"class":157}," runner.invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [",[133,2324,2325],{"class":248},"\"--help\"",[133,2327,2328],{"class":157},"]).output\n",[133,2330,2331,2333,2335,2338,2340,2342,2344,2347,2350,2353,2356,2358],{"class":135,"line":651},[133,2332,2313],{"class":146},[133,2334,2322],{"class":157},[133,2336,2337],{"class":248},"\"rotate-logs\"",[133,2339,286],{"class":157},[133,2341,1676],{"class":248},[133,2343,286],{"class":157},[133,2345,2346],{"class":248},"\"3\"",[133,2348,2349],{"class":157},"]).output ",[133,2351,2352],{"class":146},"==",[133,2354,2355],{"class":248}," \"keep=3",[133,2357,2231],{"class":150},[133,2359,2360],{"class":248},"\"\n",[133,2362,2363],{"class":135,"line":674},[133,2364,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2366,2367],{"class":135,"line":691},[133,2368,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2370,2371,2373,2376],{"class":135,"line":708},[133,2372,1462],{"class":146},[133,2374,2375],{"class":227}," test_alias_expands_with_extra_args",[133,2377,2278],{"class":157},[133,2379,2380,2382,2384,2386,2388,2391,2393,2396,2398,2401],{"class":135,"line":716},[133,2381,2283],{"class":157},[133,2383,1397],{"class":146},[133,2385,1455],{"class":248},[133,2387,286],{"class":157},[133,2389,2390],{"class":248},"'[aliases]",[133,2392,2231],{"class":150},[133,2394,2395],{"class":248},"dp = \"deploy --env prod\"",[133,2397,2231],{"class":150},[133,2399,2400],{"class":248},"'",[133,2402,436],{"class":157},[133,2404,2405,2408,2410,2413,2416,2418,2421],{"class":135,"line":729},[133,2406,2407],{"class":157},"    result ",[133,2409,328],{"class":146},[133,2411,2412],{"class":157}," CliRunner().invoke(make_cli(tmp_path), [",[133,2414,2415],{"class":248},"\"dp\"",[133,2417,286],{"class":157},[133,2419,2420],{"class":248},"\"web\"",[133,2422,1068],{"class":157},[133,2424,2425,2427,2430,2432,2435,2437],{"class":135,"line":745},[133,2426,2313],{"class":146},[133,2428,2429],{"class":157}," result.output ",[133,2431,2352],{"class":146},[133,2433,2434],{"class":248}," \"deploying web to prod",[133,2436,2231],{"class":150},[133,2438,2360],{"class":248},[133,2440,2441],{"class":135,"line":755},[133,2442,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2444,2445],{"class":135,"line":768},[133,2446,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2448,2449,2451,2454],{"class":135,"line":776},[133,2450,1462],{"class":146},[133,2452,2453],{"class":227}," test_broken_script_is_a_clean_error",[133,2455,2278],{"class":157},[133,2457,2458,2460,2462,2464,2466,2469,2471,2474,2476,2478],{"class":135,"line":786},[133,2459,2283],{"class":157},[133,2461,1397],{"class":146},[133,2463,1441],{"class":248},[133,2465,1403],{"class":146},[133,2467,2468],{"class":248}," \"broken.py\"",[133,2470,286],{"class":157},[133,2472,2473],{"class":248},"\"this is not python",[133,2475,2231],{"class":150},[133,2477,841],{"class":248},[133,2479,436],{"class":157},[133,2481,2482,2484,2486,2488,2491],{"class":135,"line":794},[133,2483,2407],{"class":157},[133,2485,328],{"class":146},[133,2487,2412],{"class":157},[133,2489,2490],{"class":248},"\"broken\"",[133,2492,1068],{"class":157},[133,2494,2495,2497,2500,2502,2505,2508,2511,2513],{"class":135,"line":799},[133,2496,2313],{"class":146},[133,2498,2499],{"class":157}," result.exit_code ",[133,2501,2352],{"class":146},[133,2503,2504],{"class":150}," 1",[133,2506,2507],{"class":146}," and",[133,2509,2510],{"class":248}," \"failed to load\"",[133,2512,2319],{"class":146},[133,2514,2515],{"class":157}," result.output\n",[133,2517,2518],{"class":135,"line":815},[133,2519,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2521,2522],{"class":135,"line":847},[133,2523,165],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":164},[133,2525,2526,2528,2531],{"class":135,"line":858},[133,2527,1462],{"class":146},[133,2529,2530],{"class":227}," test_builtins_cannot_be_shadowed",[133,2532,2278],{"class":157},[133,2534,2535,2537,2539,2541,2543,2546,2548,2550],{"class":135,"line":866},[133,2536,2283],{"class":157},[133,2538,1397],{"class":146},[133,2540,1441],{"class":248},[133,2542,1403],{"class":146},[133,2544,2545],{"class":248}," \"deploy.py\"",[133,2547,286],{"class":157},[133,2549,2223],{"class":150},[133,2551,436],{"class":157},[133,2553,2554,2556,2558,2560,2563,2565,2567],{"class":135,"line":872},[133,2555,2407],{"class":157},[133,2557,328],{"class":146},[133,2559,2412],{"class":157},[133,2561,2562],{"class":248},"\"deploy\"",[133,2564,286],{"class":157},[133,2566,2420],{"class":248},[133,2568,1068],{"class":157},[133,2570,2571,2573,2575,2577,2580,2582],{"class":135,"line":891},[133,2572,2313],{"class":146},[133,2574,2429],{"class":157},[133,2576,2352],{"class":146},[133,2578,2579],{"class":248}," \"deploying web to dev",[133,2581,2231],{"class":150},[133,2583,2360],{"class":248},[10,2585,2586,2587,40],{},"Building the group inside a factory for each test keeps tests independent, since each points at its own temporary directory. More patterns are in ",[36,2588,2590],{"href":2589},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002Ftesting-click-commands-with-clirunner\u002F","testing Click commands with CliRunner",[42,2592,2594],{"id":2593},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,2596,2597,2598,30,2600,2602],{},"Click groups are not fixed lists: override ",[14,2599,29],{},[14,2601,33],{}," and commands can come from a scripts directory, a config file of aliases, installed plugins or an API schema, created only when invoked. Keep listing cheap, let built-ins win name clashes, turn loading failures into clean errors, route aliases back through normal parsing, and test with temporary directories. Dynamic commands then look and behave exactly like decorated ones — help, validation, completion and all.",[42,2604,2606],{"id":2605},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[1788,2608,2610],{"id":2609},"can-i-do-this-in-typer","Can I do this in Typer?",[10,2612,2613,2614,2617,2618,30,2620,2622,2623,2626,2627,2630,2631,2634,2635,2637],{},"Yes, with a Typer-native group: subclass ",[14,2615,2616],{},"typer.core.TyperGroup",", override ",[14,2619,29],{},[14,2621,33],{}," exactly as above, and pass it with ",[14,2624,2625],{},"typer.Typer(cls=YourGroup)",". Commands you return must be Typer-built — create a small ",[14,2628,2629],{},"typer.Typer()"," for each and convert it with ",[14,2632,2633],{},"typer.main.get_command(...)",". Recent Typer releases ship their own vendored copy of Click, so objects from the standalone ",[14,2636,234],{}," package and Typer's objects are different classes and cannot be mixed in one command tree; keep a given tree entirely in one or the other.",[1788,2639,2641],{"id":2640},"how-do-i-generate-commands-from-an-openapi-schema","How do I generate commands from an OpenAPI schema?",[10,2643,2644,2645,2647,2648,2650,2651,2654],{},"In ",[14,2646,33],{},", look up the operation by name and build a ",[14,2649,89],{}," whose params are created from the operation's parameters (",[14,2652,2653],{},"click.Option([f\"--{p['name']}\"], required=p[\"required\"])",") and whose callback performs the request. Cache the parsed schema so listing stays fast.",[1788,2656,2658],{"id":2657},"how-is-this-different-from-entry-point-plugins","How is this different from entry-point plugins?",[10,2660,2661,2662,2664,2665,40],{},"Entry points discover commands from installed packages; this discovers them from files and configuration. Both can live in the same ",[14,2663,33],{},", and entry-point loading is covered in ",[36,2666,2668],{"href":2667},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002Fdiscovering-plugins-with-entry-points\u002F","discovering plugins with entry points",[1788,2670,2672],{"id":2671},"how-do-i-cache-expensive-command-discovery","How do I cache expensive command discovery?",[10,2674,2675,2676,2679,2680,40],{},"If listing requires real work — parsing a large schema, querying an API — cache the list of names in the tool's cache directory, keyed by the schema's hash or a short time-to-live, and rebuild it in the background or on a ",[14,2677,2678],{},"refresh"," command. Listing must stay fast because help and completion call it constantly. The general approach is in ",[36,2681,2683],{"href":2682},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcli-startup-performance-and-lazy-loading\u002Fcaching-expensive-work-between-cli-runs\u002F","caching expensive work between CLI runs",[1788,2685,2687],{"id":2686},"do-dynamic-commands-work-with-shell-completion","Do dynamic commands work with shell completion?",[10,2689,2690,2691,2693],{},"Yes. Completion calls ",[14,2692,29],{}," for command names and then the resolved command's parameters for options, so dynamic commands complete like any other — provided listing does not import heavy modules.",[42,2695,2697],{"id":2696},"related","Related",[47,2699,2700,2706,2711,2717,2722],{},[50,2701,2702,2703],{},"Up: ",[36,2704,2705],{"href":38},"Typer vs Click: when to use each",[50,2707,2708],{},[36,2709,2710],{"href":62},"Building a CLI with subcommands in Click",[50,2712,2713],{},[36,2714,2716],{"href":2715},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftyper-vs-click-when-to-use-each\u002Fusing-annotated-options-in-typer\u002F","Using Annotated options in Typer",[50,2718,2719],{},[36,2720,2721],{"href":1827},"Lazy-loading subcommands for faster startup",[50,2723,2724],{},[36,2725,2727],{"href":2726},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fplugin-architectures-for-extensible-clis\u002F","Plugin architectures for extensible 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Python CLI Toolcraft",{"path":2769,"title":2770},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies","Advanced Argument Validation Strategies",{"path":2772,"title":2773},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fparsing-nested-json-arguments-in-python-clis","Parsing Nested JSON Args in Python CLIs",{"path":2775,"title":2776},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-dates-and-durations-in-cli-arguments","Validating Dates and Durations in Python CLI Arguments",{"path":2778,"title":2779},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-dependent-and-conflicting-options","Validating Dependent and Conflicting CLI Options",{"path":2781,"title":2782},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-file-and-directory-paths-in-clis","Validating File and Directory Paths in CLIs",{"path":2784,"title":2785},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-urls-hosts-and-ports","Validating URLs, Hosts and Ports in Python CLI Arguments",{"path":2787,"title":2788},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fwriting-custom-click-parameter-types","Writing Custom Click Parameter Types",{"path":2790,"title":2791},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fbrowsing-records-with-a-textual-datatable","Browsing Records with a Textual DataTable Picker",{"path":2793,"title":2794},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fbuilding-your-first-textual-app","Building Your First Textual App for a Python CLI",{"path":2796,"title":2797},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fchoosing-between-a-cli-a-prompt-flow-and-a-tui","Choosing Between a CLI, a Prompt Flow and a TUI",{"path":2799,"title":2800},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual","Building Terminal UIs with Textual for Python CLIs",{"path":2802,"title":2803},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Frunning-background-work-in-textual-with-workers","Running Background Work in Textual with Workers",{"path":2805,"title":2806},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fstyling-textual-apps-with-tcss","Styling Textual Apps with TCSS",{"path":2808,"title":2809},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Ftesting-textual-apps-with-pilot","Testing Textual Apps with Pilot",{"path":2811,"title":2812},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Fadding-examples-and-epilogs-to-help-output","Adding Examples and Epilogs to Help Output",{"path":2814,"title":2815},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Fdocumenting-environment-variables-in-help","Documenting Environment Variables in CLI Help",{"path":2817,"title":2818},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Fgenerating-man-pages-and-docs-from-a-cli","Generating Man Pages and Docs from a CLI",{"path":2820,"title":2821},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation","CLI Help Output and Documentation",{"path":2823,"title":2824},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Frich-formatted-help-with-rich-click","Rich-Formatted Help for Click CLIs with rich-click",{"path":2826,"title":2827},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Fversioning-and-deprecating-cli-flags","Versioning and Deprecating CLI Flags",{"path":2829,"title":2830},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Fwriting-help-text-users-actually-read","Writing Help Text Users Actually Read",{"path":2832,"title":2833},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Fadapting-output-to-terminal-width","Adapting Python CLI Output to Terminal Width",{"path":2835,"title":2836},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Fdetecting-ci-environments-and-non-interactive-shells","Detecting CI Environments and Non-Interactive Shells",{"path":2838,"title":2839},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Ffixing-unicode-and-encoding-errors-on-windows","Fixing Unicode and Encoding Errors on Windows in Python CLIs",{"path":2841,"title":2842},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Fhandling-ansi-escape-codes-on-windows-consoles","Handling ANSI Escape Codes on Windows Consoles",{"path":2844,"title":2845},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility","Cross-Platform Terminal Compatibility for Python CLIs",{"path":2847,"title":2848},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Frespecting-no-color-and-force-color","Respecting NO_COLOR and FORCE_COLOR in Python 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Send",{"path":2877,"title":2878},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fconfig-precedence-flags-env-files-defaults","Config Precedence: Flags, Env, Files, Defaults",{"path":2880,"title":2881},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fdiscovering-project-config-files-by-walking-up-directories","Discovering Project Config Files by Walking Up Directories",{"path":2883,"title":2884},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars","Handling Config Files and Env Vars in CLIs",{"path":2886,"title":2887},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Floading-yaml-configs-safely-in-cli-apps","Loading YAML configs safely in CLI apps",{"path":2889,"title":2890},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Freading-toml-config-with-tomllib","Reading TOML Config with tomllib in Python CLIs",{"path":2892,"title":2893},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Ftyped-settings-with-pydantic-settings","Typed Settings with pydantic-settings in Python CLIs",{"path":2895,"title":2896},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fvalidating-config-files-with-json-schema","Validating Config Files with JSON Schema in a Python CLI",{"path":2898,"title":2899},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fwriting-a-config-init-and-edit-command","Writing a Config Init and Edit Command for a Python CLI",{"path":2901,"title":2902},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience","Advanced Input Parsing for Python CLIs",{"path":2904,"title":2905},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Finteractive-terminal-ui-with-rich\u002Fadding-progress-bars-and-spinners-to-python-clis","Progress Bars and 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