[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002Fproperty-based-testing-cli-arguments-with-hypothesis\u002F":3,"content-directory":2307},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":2292,"description":2293,"difficulty":2294,"draft":2295,"extension":2296,"meta":2297,"navigation":150,"path":2298,"seo":2299,"stem":2300,"tags":2301,"updated":2292,"__hash__":2306},"content\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002Fproperty-based-testing-cli-arguments-with-hypothesis\u002Findex.md","Property-Based Testing CLI Arguments with Hypothesis",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2273},"minimark",[9,49,54,76,80,84,109,113,116,579,895,899,902,1472,1477,1487,1493,1499,1513,1517,1520,1523,1541,1554,2002,2009,2069,2076,2080,2083,2107,2111,2114,2164,2168,2171,2175,2179,2188,2192,2203,2207,2214,2218,2233,2237,2269],[10,11,12,13,17,18,17,21,24,25,28,29,32,33,37,38,42,43,48],"p",{},"Example-based tests check the inputs you thought of: ",[14,15,16],"code",{},"--timeout 30s",", ",[14,19,20],{},"--timeout 5m",[14,22,23],{},"--timeout nonsense",". Users — and scripts, and other programs feeding your CLI — produce the inputs you did not think of: ",[14,26,27],{},"--timeout 0.",", a name with a trailing newline, a path containing ",[14,30,31],{},"=",", an empty string, a number with a thousand digits. Many of those crash a command with a traceback instead of a clean usage error. ",[34,35,36],"strong",{},"Property-based testing"," turns the question around: instead of listing inputs, you describe the ",[39,40,41],"em",{},"space"," of inputs and state properties that must hold for all of them, and the Hypothesis library searches that space for a counterexample — then shrinks it to the simplest input that still fails. This guide applies it to the argument-parsing and output edges of a CLI, where it finds real bugs quickly. It belongs to the ",[44,45,47],"a",{"href":46},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002F","testing Python CLI applications topic",".",[50,51,53],"h2",{"id":52},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[55,56,57,65],"ul",{},[58,59,60,61,64],"li",{},"Python 3.10+, pytest and Hypothesis (",[14,62,63],{},"uv add --dev hypothesis",").",[58,66,67,68,71,72,48],{},"A Typer or Click CLI with commands testable through ",[14,69,70],{},"CliRunner",", as in ",[44,73,75],{"href":74},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002Ftesting-click-commands-with-clirunner\u002F","testing Click commands with CliRunner",[50,77,79],{"id":78},"how-property-based-testing-works","How property-based testing works",[81,82],"inline-diagram",{"name":83},"hy-flow",[10,85,86,87,90,91,94,95,17,98,17,101,104,105,108],{},"A Hypothesis test is an ordinary pytest function decorated with ",[14,88,89],{},"@given(...)",", which describes how to generate its arguments using ",[34,92,93],{},"strategies"," — ",[14,96,97],{},"st.text()",[14,99,100],{},"st.integers()",[14,102,103],{},"st.from_regex(...)",", and combinations of them. Hypothesis runs the test many times (100 by default) with generated values, biased towards edge cases such as empty strings, boundary numbers and unusual Unicode. When an assertion fails, it ",[34,106,107],{},"shrinks"," the failing input step by step to a minimal example and reports it. Failures are stored in a local database and replayed first on the next run, so a bug, once found, stays found until fixed.",[50,110,112],{"id":111},"the-code-under-test","The code under test",[10,114,115],{},"Here is a small command with a duration parser and a JSON-emitting mode — the kind of code that looks obviously correct:",[117,118,123],"pre",{"className":119,"code":120,"language":121,"meta":122,"style":122},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fdurations.py\nimport re\n\nUNITS = {\"ms\": 0.001, \"s\": 1.0, \"m\": 60.0, \"h\": 3600.0}\nPATTERN = re.compile(r\"(\\d+(?:\\.\\d+)?)(ms|s|m|h)\")\n\n\ndef parse_duration(text: str) -> float:\n    \"\"\"'1.5h', '30s', '250ms' -> seconds. Raises ValueError on bad input.\"\"\"\n    m = PATTERN.fullmatch(text.strip())\n    if not m:\n        raise ValueError(f\"invalid duration {text!r}\")\n    return float(m[1]) * UNITS[m[2]]\n\n\ndef format_duration(seconds: float) -> str:\n    \"\"\"The inverse: seconds -> shortest exact representation.\"\"\"\n    for unit in (\"h\", \"m\", \"s\"):\n        value = seconds \u002F UNITS[unit]\n        if value >= 1 and value == int(value):\n            return f\"{int(value)}{unit}\"\n    return f\"{round(seconds * 1000)}ms\"\n","python","",[14,124,125,134,145,152,208,279,284,289,314,320,334,346,380,413,418,423,442,448,476,495,524,552],{"__ignoreMap":122},[126,127,130],"span",{"class":128,"line":129},"line",1,[126,131,133],{"class":132},"sJ8bj","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fdurations.py\n",[126,135,137,141],{"class":128,"line":136},2,[126,138,140],{"class":139},"szBVR","import",[126,142,144],{"class":143},"sVt8B"," re\n",[126,146,148],{"class":128,"line":147},3,[126,149,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},true,"\n",[126,153,155,159,162,165,169,172,175,177,180,182,185,187,190,192,195,197,200,202,205],{"class":128,"line":154},4,[126,156,158],{"class":157},"sj4cs","UNITS",[126,160,161],{"class":139}," =",[126,163,164],{"class":143}," {",[126,166,168],{"class":167},"sZZnC","\"ms\"",[126,170,171],{"class":143},": ",[126,173,174],{"class":157},"0.001",[126,176,17],{"class":143},[126,178,179],{"class":167},"\"s\"",[126,181,171],{"class":143},[126,183,184],{"class":157},"1.0",[126,186,17],{"class":143},[126,188,189],{"class":167},"\"m\"",[126,191,171],{"class":143},[126,193,194],{"class":157},"60.0",[126,196,17],{"class":143},[126,198,199],{"class":167},"\"h\"",[126,201,171],{"class":143},[126,203,204],{"class":157},"3600.0",[126,206,207],{"class":143},"}\n",[126,209,211,214,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,238,241,243,246,249,252,256,259,262,264,267,269,272,274,276],{"class":128,"line":210},5,[126,212,213],{"class":157},"PATTERN",[126,215,161],{"class":139},[126,217,218],{"class":143}," re.compile(",[126,220,221],{"class":139},"r",[126,223,224],{"class":167},"\"",[126,226,227],{"class":157},"(\\d",[126,229,230],{"class":139},"+",[126,232,233],{"class":157},"(?:",[126,235,237],{"class":236},"snhLl","\\.",[126,239,240],{"class":157},"\\d",[126,242,230],{"class":139},[126,244,245],{"class":157},")",[126,247,248],{"class":139},"?",[126,250,251],{"class":157},")(",[126,253,255],{"class":254},"sA_wV","ms",[126,257,258],{"class":139},"|",[126,260,261],{"class":254},"s",[126,263,258],{"class":139},[126,265,266],{"class":254},"m",[126,268,258],{"class":139},[126,270,271],{"class":254},"h",[126,273,245],{"class":157},[126,275,224],{"class":167},[126,277,278],{"class":143},")\n",[126,280,282],{"class":128,"line":281},6,[126,283,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,285,287],{"class":128,"line":286},7,[126,288,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,290,292,295,299,302,305,308,311],{"class":128,"line":291},8,[126,293,294],{"class":139},"def",[126,296,298],{"class":297},"sScJk"," parse_duration",[126,300,301],{"class":143},"(text: ",[126,303,304],{"class":157},"str",[126,306,307],{"class":143},") -> ",[126,309,310],{"class":157},"float",[126,312,313],{"class":143},":\n",[126,315,317],{"class":128,"line":316},9,[126,318,319],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"'1.5h', '30s', '250ms' -> seconds. Raises ValueError on bad input.\"\"\"\n",[126,321,323,326,328,331],{"class":128,"line":322},10,[126,324,325],{"class":143},"    m ",[126,327,31],{"class":139},[126,329,330],{"class":157}," PATTERN",[126,332,333],{"class":143},".fullmatch(text.strip())\n",[126,335,337,340,343],{"class":128,"line":336},11,[126,338,339],{"class":139},"    if",[126,341,342],{"class":139}," not",[126,344,345],{"class":143}," m:\n",[126,347,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,378],{"class":128,"line":348},12,[126,350,351],{"class":139},"        raise",[126,353,354],{"class":157}," ValueError",[126,356,357],{"class":143},"(",[126,359,360],{"class":139},"f",[126,362,363],{"class":167},"\"invalid duration ",[126,365,366],{"class":157},"{",[126,368,369],{"class":143},"text",[126,371,372],{"class":139},"!r",[126,374,375],{"class":157},"}",[126,377,224],{"class":167},[126,379,278],{"class":143},[126,381,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410],{"class":128,"line":382},13,[126,384,385],{"class":139},"    return",[126,387,388],{"class":157}," float",[126,390,391],{"class":143},"(m[",[126,393,394],{"class":157},"1",[126,396,397],{"class":143},"]) ",[126,399,400],{"class":139},"*",[126,402,403],{"class":157}," UNITS",[126,405,406],{"class":143},"[m[",[126,408,409],{"class":157},"2",[126,411,412],{"class":143},"]]\n",[126,414,416],{"class":128,"line":415},14,[126,417,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,419,421],{"class":128,"line":420},15,[126,422,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,424,426,428,431,434,436,438,440],{"class":128,"line":425},16,[126,427,294],{"class":139},[126,429,430],{"class":297}," format_duration",[126,432,433],{"class":143},"(seconds: ",[126,435,310],{"class":157},[126,437,307],{"class":143},[126,439,304],{"class":157},[126,441,313],{"class":143},[126,443,445],{"class":128,"line":444},17,[126,446,447],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"The inverse: seconds -> shortest exact representation.\"\"\"\n",[126,449,451,454,457,460,463,465,467,469,471,473],{"class":128,"line":450},18,[126,452,453],{"class":139},"    for",[126,455,456],{"class":143}," unit ",[126,458,459],{"class":139},"in",[126,461,462],{"class":143}," (",[126,464,199],{"class":167},[126,466,17],{"class":143},[126,468,189],{"class":167},[126,470,17],{"class":143},[126,472,179],{"class":167},[126,474,475],{"class":143},"):\n",[126,477,479,482,484,487,490,492],{"class":128,"line":478},19,[126,480,481],{"class":143},"        value ",[126,483,31],{"class":139},[126,485,486],{"class":143}," seconds ",[126,488,489],{"class":139},"\u002F",[126,491,403],{"class":157},[126,493,494],{"class":143},"[unit]\n",[126,496,498,501,504,507,510,513,515,518,521],{"class":128,"line":497},20,[126,499,500],{"class":139},"        if",[126,502,503],{"class":143}," value ",[126,505,506],{"class":139},">=",[126,508,509],{"class":157}," 1",[126,511,512],{"class":139}," and",[126,514,503],{"class":143},[126,516,517],{"class":139},"==",[126,519,520],{"class":157}," int",[126,522,523],{"class":143},"(value):\n",[126,525,527,530,533,535,538,541,544,547,549],{"class":128,"line":526},21,[126,528,529],{"class":139},"            return",[126,531,532],{"class":139}," f",[126,534,224],{"class":167},[126,536,537],{"class":157},"{int",[126,539,540],{"class":143},"(value)",[126,542,543],{"class":157},"}{",[126,545,546],{"class":143},"unit",[126,548,375],{"class":157},[126,550,551],{"class":167},"\"\n",[126,553,555,557,559,561,564,567,569,572,574,576],{"class":128,"line":554},22,[126,556,385],{"class":139},[126,558,532],{"class":139},[126,560,224],{"class":167},[126,562,563],{"class":157},"{round",[126,565,566],{"class":143},"(seconds ",[126,568,400],{"class":139},[126,570,571],{"class":157}," 1000",[126,573,245],{"class":143},[126,575,375],{"class":157},[126,577,578],{"class":167},"ms\"\n",[117,580,582],{"className":119,"code":581,"language":121,"meta":122,"style":122},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\nimport json\nfrom typing import Annotated\n\nimport typer\n\nfrom mytool.durations import format_duration, parse_duration\n\napp = typer.Typer()\n\n\n@app.callback()\ndef main() -> None:\n    \"\"\"Scheduling helpers.\"\"\"\n\n\n@app.command()\ndef wait(\n    duration: Annotated[str, typer.Argument(help=\"How long, e.g. 30s or 1.5h.\")],\n    as_json: Annotated[bool, typer.Option(\"--json\")] = False,\n) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Report how long DURATION is.\"\"\"\n    try:\n        seconds = parse_duration(duration)\n    except ValueError as exc:\n        raise typer.BadParameter(str(exc), param_hint=\"DURATION\")\n    if as_json:\n        typer.echo(json.dumps({\"input\": duration, \"seconds\": seconds}))\n    else:\n        typer.echo(f\"{format_duration(seconds)} ({seconds:g} seconds)\")\n",[14,583,584,589,596,609,613,620,624,636,640,650,654,658,666,681,686,690,694,701,711,733,758,766,771,779,790,804,827,835,853,861],{"__ignoreMap":122},[126,585,586],{"class":128,"line":129},[126,587,588],{"class":132},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\n",[126,590,591,593],{"class":128,"line":136},[126,592,140],{"class":139},[126,594,595],{"class":143}," json\n",[126,597,598,601,604,606],{"class":128,"line":147},[126,599,600],{"class":139},"from",[126,602,603],{"class":143}," typing ",[126,605,140],{"class":139},[126,607,608],{"class":143}," Annotated\n",[126,610,611],{"class":128,"line":154},[126,612,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,614,615,617],{"class":128,"line":210},[126,616,140],{"class":139},[126,618,619],{"class":143}," typer\n",[126,621,622],{"class":128,"line":281},[126,623,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,625,626,628,631,633],{"class":128,"line":286},[126,627,600],{"class":139},[126,629,630],{"class":143}," mytool.durations ",[126,632,140],{"class":139},[126,634,635],{"class":143}," format_duration, parse_duration\n",[126,637,638],{"class":128,"line":291},[126,639,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,641,642,645,647],{"class":128,"line":316},[126,643,644],{"class":143},"app ",[126,646,31],{"class":139},[126,648,649],{"class":143}," typer.Typer()\n",[126,651,652],{"class":128,"line":322},[126,653,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,655,656],{"class":128,"line":336},[126,657,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,659,660,663],{"class":128,"line":348},[126,661,662],{"class":297},"@app.callback",[126,664,665],{"class":143},"()\n",[126,667,668,670,673,676,679],{"class":128,"line":382},[126,669,294],{"class":139},[126,671,672],{"class":297}," main",[126,674,675],{"class":143},"() -> ",[126,677,678],{"class":157},"None",[126,680,313],{"class":143},[126,682,683],{"class":128,"line":415},[126,684,685],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Scheduling helpers.\"\"\"\n",[126,687,688],{"class":128,"line":420},[126,689,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,691,692],{"class":128,"line":425},[126,693,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,695,696,699],{"class":128,"line":444},[126,697,698],{"class":297},"@app.command",[126,700,665],{"class":143},[126,702,703,705,708],{"class":128,"line":450},[126,704,294],{"class":139},[126,706,707],{"class":297}," wait",[126,709,710],{"class":143},"(\n",[126,712,713,716,718,721,725,727,730],{"class":128,"line":478},[126,714,715],{"class":143},"    duration: Annotated[",[126,717,304],{"class":157},[126,719,720],{"class":143},", typer.Argument(",[126,722,724],{"class":723},"s4XuR","help",[126,726,31],{"class":139},[126,728,729],{"class":167},"\"How long, e.g. 30s or 1.5h.\"",[126,731,732],{"class":143},")],\n",[126,734,735,738,741,744,747,750,752,755],{"class":128,"line":497},[126,736,737],{"class":143},"    as_json: Annotated[",[126,739,740],{"class":157},"bool",[126,742,743],{"class":143},", typer.Option(",[126,745,746],{"class":167},"\"--json\"",[126,748,749],{"class":143},")] ",[126,751,31],{"class":139},[126,753,754],{"class":157}," False",[126,756,757],{"class":143},",\n",[126,759,760,762,764],{"class":128,"line":526},[126,761,307],{"class":143},[126,763,678],{"class":157},[126,765,313],{"class":143},[126,767,768],{"class":128,"line":554},[126,769,770],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Report how long DURATION is.\"\"\"\n",[126,772,774,777],{"class":128,"line":773},23,[126,775,776],{"class":139},"    try",[126,778,313],{"class":143},[126,780,782,785,787],{"class":128,"line":781},24,[126,783,784],{"class":143},"        seconds ",[126,786,31],{"class":139},[126,788,789],{"class":143}," parse_duration(duration)\n",[126,791,793,796,798,801],{"class":128,"line":792},25,[126,794,795],{"class":139},"    except",[126,797,354],{"class":157},[126,799,800],{"class":139}," as",[126,802,803],{"class":143}," exc:\n",[126,805,807,809,812,814,817,820,822,825],{"class":128,"line":806},26,[126,808,351],{"class":139},[126,810,811],{"class":143}," typer.BadParameter(",[126,813,304],{"class":157},[126,815,816],{"class":143},"(exc), ",[126,818,819],{"class":723},"param_hint",[126,821,31],{"class":139},[126,823,824],{"class":167},"\"DURATION\"",[126,826,278],{"class":143},[126,828,830,832],{"class":128,"line":829},27,[126,831,339],{"class":139},[126,833,834],{"class":143}," as_json:\n",[126,836,838,841,844,847,850],{"class":128,"line":837},28,[126,839,840],{"class":143},"        typer.echo(json.dumps({",[126,842,843],{"class":167},"\"input\"",[126,845,846],{"class":143},": duration, ",[126,848,849],{"class":167},"\"seconds\"",[126,851,852],{"class":143},": seconds}))\n",[126,854,856,859],{"class":128,"line":855},29,[126,857,858],{"class":139},"    else",[126,860,313],{"class":143},[126,862,864,867,869,871,873,876,878,880,882,885,888,890,893],{"class":128,"line":863},30,[126,865,866],{"class":143},"        typer.echo(",[126,868,360],{"class":139},[126,870,224],{"class":167},[126,872,366],{"class":157},[126,874,875],{"class":143},"format_duration(seconds)",[126,877,375],{"class":157},[126,879,462],{"class":167},[126,881,366],{"class":157},[126,883,884],{"class":143},"seconds",[126,886,887],{"class":139},":g",[126,889,375],{"class":157},[126,891,892],{"class":167}," seconds)\"",[126,894,278],{"class":143},[50,896,898],{"id":897},"the-recipe-properties-worth-testing","The recipe: properties worth testing",[81,900],{"name":901},"hy-properties",[117,903,905],{"className":119,"code":904,"language":121,"meta":122,"style":122},"# tests\u002Ftest_properties.py\nimport json\nimport math\n\nfrom hypothesis import given, settings\nfrom hypothesis import strategies as st\nfrom typer.testing import CliRunner\n\nfrom mytool.cli import app\nfrom mytool.durations import format_duration, parse_duration\n\nrunner = CliRunner()\n\n# Any printable text a user or script might pass as an argument.\narg_text = st.text(alphabet=st.characters(blacklist_categories=(\"Cs\",), blacklist_characters=\"\\x00\"),\n                   max_size=40)\n# Syntactically valid durations, including edge cases like '0s' and '007m'.\nvalid_duration = st.from_regex(r\"\\A[0-9]{1,6}(\\.[0-9]{1,3})?(ms|s|m|h)\\Z\")\n\n\n@given(arg_text)\n@settings(max_examples=300)\ndef test_never_crashes(text):\n    \"\"\"Property 1: any argument produces a result or a usage error, never a traceback.\"\"\"\n    result = runner.invoke(app, [\"wait\", \"--\", text])\n    assert result.exit_code in (0, 2), result.output\n    assert result.exception is None or isinstance(result.exception, SystemExit)\n\n\n@given(valid_duration)\ndef test_valid_input_is_accepted(text):\n    \"\"\"Property 2: everything the documented grammar allows parses to a finite, non-negative number.\"\"\"\n    value = parse_duration(text)\n    assert math.isfinite(value) and value >= 0\n\n\n@given(valid_duration)\ndef test_round_trip(text):\n    \"\"\"Property 3: formatting a parsed duration and parsing it again gives the same value.\"\"\"\n    seconds = parse_duration(text)\n    assert parse_duration(format_duration(seconds)) == seconds\n\n\n@given(valid_duration)\ndef test_json_output_always_parses(text):\n    \"\"\"Property 4: --json output is valid JSON with the documented keys.\"\"\"\n    result = runner.invoke(app, [\"wait\", \"--json\", \"--\", text])\n    assert result.exit_code == 0\n    data = json.loads(result.stdout)\n    assert set(data) == {\"input\", \"seconds\"}\n",[14,906,907,912,918,925,929,941,958,970,974,986,996,1000,1010,1014,1019,1065,1077,1082,1139,1143,1147,1155,1172,1182,1187,1208,1230,1257,1261,1265,1272,1282,1288,1299,1317,1322,1327,1334,1344,1350,1360,1373,1378,1383,1390,1400,1406,1427,1438,1449],{"__ignoreMap":122},[126,908,909],{"class":128,"line":129},[126,910,911],{"class":132},"# tests\u002Ftest_properties.py\n",[126,913,914,916],{"class":128,"line":136},[126,915,140],{"class":139},[126,917,595],{"class":143},[126,919,920,922],{"class":128,"line":147},[126,921,140],{"class":139},[126,923,924],{"class":143}," math\n",[126,926,927],{"class":128,"line":154},[126,928,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,930,931,933,936,938],{"class":128,"line":210},[126,932,600],{"class":139},[126,934,935],{"class":143}," hypothesis ",[126,937,140],{"class":139},[126,939,940],{"class":143}," given, settings\n",[126,942,943,945,947,949,952,955],{"class":128,"line":281},[126,944,600],{"class":139},[126,946,935],{"class":143},[126,948,140],{"class":139},[126,950,951],{"class":143}," strategies ",[126,953,954],{"class":139},"as",[126,956,957],{"class":143}," st\n",[126,959,960,962,965,967],{"class":128,"line":286},[126,961,600],{"class":139},[126,963,964],{"class":143}," typer.testing ",[126,966,140],{"class":139},[126,968,969],{"class":143}," CliRunner\n",[126,971,972],{"class":128,"line":291},[126,973,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,975,976,978,981,983],{"class":128,"line":316},[126,977,600],{"class":139},[126,979,980],{"class":143}," mytool.cli ",[126,982,140],{"class":139},[126,984,985],{"class":143}," app\n",[126,987,988,990,992,994],{"class":128,"line":322},[126,989,600],{"class":139},[126,991,630],{"class":143},[126,993,140],{"class":139},[126,995,635],{"class":143},[126,997,998],{"class":128,"line":336},[126,999,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1001,1002,1005,1007],{"class":128,"line":348},[126,1003,1004],{"class":143},"runner ",[126,1006,31],{"class":139},[126,1008,1009],{"class":143}," CliRunner()\n",[126,1011,1012],{"class":128,"line":382},[126,1013,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1015,1016],{"class":128,"line":415},[126,1017,1018],{"class":132},"# Any printable text a user or script might pass as an argument.\n",[126,1020,1021,1024,1026,1029,1032,1034,1037,1040,1042,1044,1047,1050,1053,1055,1057,1060,1062],{"class":128,"line":420},[126,1022,1023],{"class":143},"arg_text ",[126,1025,31],{"class":139},[126,1027,1028],{"class":143}," st.text(",[126,1030,1031],{"class":723},"alphabet",[126,1033,31],{"class":139},[126,1035,1036],{"class":143},"st.characters(",[126,1038,1039],{"class":723},"blacklist_categories",[126,1041,31],{"class":139},[126,1043,357],{"class":143},[126,1045,1046],{"class":167},"\"Cs\"",[126,1048,1049],{"class":143},",), ",[126,1051,1052],{"class":723},"blacklist_characters",[126,1054,31],{"class":139},[126,1056,224],{"class":167},[126,1058,1059],{"class":157},"\\x00",[126,1061,224],{"class":167},[126,1063,1064],{"class":143},"),\n",[126,1066,1067,1070,1072,1075],{"class":128,"line":425},[126,1068,1069],{"class":723},"                   max_size",[126,1071,31],{"class":139},[126,1073,1074],{"class":157},"40",[126,1076,278],{"class":143},[126,1078,1079],{"class":128,"line":444},[126,1080,1081],{"class":132},"# Syntactically valid durations, including edge cases like '0s' and '007m'.\n",[126,1083,1084,1087,1089,1092,1094,1096,1099,1102,1104,1106,1109,1112,1114,1116,1118,1120,1122,1124,1126,1128,1130,1132,1135,1137],{"class":128,"line":450},[126,1085,1086],{"class":143},"valid_duration ",[126,1088,31],{"class":139},[126,1090,1091],{"class":143}," st.from_regex(",[126,1093,221],{"class":139},[126,1095,224],{"class":167},[126,1097,1098],{"class":157},"\\A[0-9]",[126,1100,1101],{"class":139},"{1,6}",[126,1103,357],{"class":157},[126,1105,237],{"class":236},[126,1107,1108],{"class":157},"[0-9]",[126,1110,1111],{"class":139},"{1,3}",[126,1113,245],{"class":157},[126,1115,248],{"class":139},[126,1117,357],{"class":157},[126,1119,255],{"class":254},[126,1121,258],{"class":139},[126,1123,261],{"class":254},[126,1125,258],{"class":139},[126,1127,266],{"class":254},[126,1129,258],{"class":139},[126,1131,271],{"class":254},[126,1133,1134],{"class":157},")\\Z",[126,1136,224],{"class":167},[126,1138,278],{"class":143},[126,1140,1141],{"class":128,"line":478},[126,1142,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1144,1145],{"class":128,"line":497},[126,1146,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1148,1149,1152],{"class":128,"line":526},[126,1150,1151],{"class":297},"@given",[126,1153,1154],{"class":143},"(arg_text)\n",[126,1156,1157,1160,1162,1165,1167,1170],{"class":128,"line":554},[126,1158,1159],{"class":297},"@settings",[126,1161,357],{"class":143},[126,1163,1164],{"class":723},"max_examples",[126,1166,31],{"class":139},[126,1168,1169],{"class":157},"300",[126,1171,278],{"class":143},[126,1173,1174,1176,1179],{"class":128,"line":773},[126,1175,294],{"class":139},[126,1177,1178],{"class":297}," test_never_crashes",[126,1180,1181],{"class":143},"(text):\n",[126,1183,1184],{"class":128,"line":781},[126,1185,1186],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Property 1: any argument produces a result or a usage error, never a traceback.\"\"\"\n",[126,1188,1189,1192,1194,1197,1200,1202,1205],{"class":128,"line":792},[126,1190,1191],{"class":143},"    result ",[126,1193,31],{"class":139},[126,1195,1196],{"class":143}," runner.invoke(app, [",[126,1198,1199],{"class":167},"\"wait\"",[126,1201,17],{"class":143},[126,1203,1204],{"class":167},"\"--\"",[126,1206,1207],{"class":143},", text])\n",[126,1209,1210,1213,1216,1218,1220,1223,1225,1227],{"class":128,"line":806},[126,1211,1212],{"class":139},"    assert",[126,1214,1215],{"class":143}," result.exit_code ",[126,1217,459],{"class":139},[126,1219,462],{"class":143},[126,1221,1222],{"class":157},"0",[126,1224,17],{"class":143},[126,1226,409],{"class":157},[126,1228,1229],{"class":143},"), result.output\n",[126,1231,1232,1234,1237,1240,1243,1246,1249,1252,1255],{"class":128,"line":829},[126,1233,1212],{"class":139},[126,1235,1236],{"class":143}," result.exception ",[126,1238,1239],{"class":139},"is",[126,1241,1242],{"class":157}," None",[126,1244,1245],{"class":139}," or",[126,1247,1248],{"class":157}," isinstance",[126,1250,1251],{"class":143},"(result.exception, ",[126,1253,1254],{"class":157},"SystemExit",[126,1256,278],{"class":143},[126,1258,1259],{"class":128,"line":837},[126,1260,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1262,1263],{"class":128,"line":855},[126,1264,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1266,1267,1269],{"class":128,"line":863},[126,1268,1151],{"class":297},[126,1270,1271],{"class":143},"(valid_duration)\n",[126,1273,1275,1277,1280],{"class":128,"line":1274},31,[126,1276,294],{"class":139},[126,1278,1279],{"class":297}," test_valid_input_is_accepted",[126,1281,1181],{"class":143},[126,1283,1285],{"class":128,"line":1284},32,[126,1286,1287],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Property 2: everything the documented grammar allows parses to a finite, non-negative number.\"\"\"\n",[126,1289,1291,1294,1296],{"class":128,"line":1290},33,[126,1292,1293],{"class":143},"    value ",[126,1295,31],{"class":139},[126,1297,1298],{"class":143}," parse_duration(text)\n",[126,1300,1302,1304,1307,1310,1312,1314],{"class":128,"line":1301},34,[126,1303,1212],{"class":139},[126,1305,1306],{"class":143}," math.isfinite(value) ",[126,1308,1309],{"class":139},"and",[126,1311,503],{"class":143},[126,1313,506],{"class":139},[126,1315,1316],{"class":157}," 0\n",[126,1318,1320],{"class":128,"line":1319},35,[126,1321,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1323,1325],{"class":128,"line":1324},36,[126,1326,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1328,1330,1332],{"class":128,"line":1329},37,[126,1331,1151],{"class":297},[126,1333,1271],{"class":143},[126,1335,1337,1339,1342],{"class":128,"line":1336},38,[126,1338,294],{"class":139},[126,1340,1341],{"class":297}," test_round_trip",[126,1343,1181],{"class":143},[126,1345,1347],{"class":128,"line":1346},39,[126,1348,1349],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Property 3: formatting a parsed duration and parsing it again gives the same value.\"\"\"\n",[126,1351,1353,1356,1358],{"class":128,"line":1352},40,[126,1354,1355],{"class":143},"    seconds ",[126,1357,31],{"class":139},[126,1359,1298],{"class":143},[126,1361,1363,1365,1368,1370],{"class":128,"line":1362},41,[126,1364,1212],{"class":139},[126,1366,1367],{"class":143}," parse_duration(format_duration(seconds)) ",[126,1369,517],{"class":139},[126,1371,1372],{"class":143}," seconds\n",[126,1374,1376],{"class":128,"line":1375},42,[126,1377,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1379,1381],{"class":128,"line":1380},43,[126,1382,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1384,1386,1388],{"class":128,"line":1385},44,[126,1387,1151],{"class":297},[126,1389,1271],{"class":143},[126,1391,1393,1395,1398],{"class":128,"line":1392},45,[126,1394,294],{"class":139},[126,1396,1397],{"class":297}," test_json_output_always_parses",[126,1399,1181],{"class":143},[126,1401,1403],{"class":128,"line":1402},46,[126,1404,1405],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Property 4: --json output is valid JSON with the documented keys.\"\"\"\n",[126,1407,1409,1411,1413,1415,1417,1419,1421,1423,1425],{"class":128,"line":1408},47,[126,1410,1191],{"class":143},[126,1412,31],{"class":139},[126,1414,1196],{"class":143},[126,1416,1199],{"class":167},[126,1418,17],{"class":143},[126,1420,746],{"class":167},[126,1422,17],{"class":143},[126,1424,1204],{"class":167},[126,1426,1207],{"class":143},[126,1428,1430,1432,1434,1436],{"class":128,"line":1429},48,[126,1431,1212],{"class":139},[126,1433,1215],{"class":143},[126,1435,517],{"class":139},[126,1437,1316],{"class":157},[126,1439,1441,1444,1446],{"class":128,"line":1440},49,[126,1442,1443],{"class":143},"    data ",[126,1445,31],{"class":139},[126,1447,1448],{"class":143}," json.loads(result.stdout)\n",[126,1450,1452,1454,1457,1460,1462,1464,1466,1468,1470],{"class":128,"line":1451},50,[126,1453,1212],{"class":139},[126,1455,1456],{"class":157}," set",[126,1458,1459],{"class":143},"(data) ",[126,1461,517],{"class":139},[126,1463,164],{"class":143},[126,1465,843],{"class":167},[126,1467,17],{"class":143},[126,1469,849],{"class":167},[126,1471,207],{"class":143},[1473,1474,1476],"h3",{"id":1475},"what-each-property-buys-you","What each property buys you",[10,1478,1479,1482,1483,1486],{},[34,1480,1481],{},"Never crashes"," is the single most productive property for a CLI. It asserts nothing about correctness — only that every possible argument ends in success or a clean usage error (exit 2), never an unhandled exception. In real tools it regularly finds inputs that slip past validation: whitespace-only strings, values that convert to infinity, characters a regular expression accepts but a converter rejects. The ",[14,1484,1485],{},"--"," before the generated text makes sure it is treated as an argument even when it starts with a dash.",[10,1488,1489,1492],{},[34,1490,1491],{},"Valid input is accepted"," tests the parser against its own grammar. Generating from a regular expression that mirrors the documentation keeps the test honest about what users are promised.",[10,1494,1495,1498],{},[34,1496,1497],{},"Round trip"," tests two functions against each other: whatever the parser accepts, the formatter must write in a form the parser reads back to the same value. Round-trip properties are powerful because they need no oracle — you never compute the expected answer yourself.",[10,1500,1501,1504,1505,1508,1509,48],{},[34,1502,1503],{},"JSON always parses"," protects scripts: whatever the input, ",[14,1506,1507],{},"--json"," output is valid JSON with the documented keys, and nothing else is mixed into stdout. The contract behind it is described in ",[44,1510,1512],{"href":1511},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes\u002Femitting-json-output-for-scripting\u002F","emitting JSON output for scripting",[1473,1514,1516],{"id":1515},"what-hypothesis-found","What Hypothesis found",[10,1518,1519],{},"Against the code above, three of the four properties pass. The round-trip property fails within a fraction of a second, and Hypothesis shrinks the failure to a tiny, readable input:",[81,1521],{"name":1522},"hy-terminal",[10,1524,1525,1528,1529,1532,1533,1536,1537,1540],{},[14,1526,1527],{},"0.1ms"," is valid according to the documented grammar, parses to 0.0001 seconds, and is then formatted as ",[14,1530,1531],{},"0ms"," because ",[14,1534,1535],{},"format_duration"," rounds to whole milliseconds. A user who runs ",[14,1538,1539],{},"mytool wait 0.1ms"," sees \"0ms\" echoed back — and any code that stores durations by formatting them silently loses information. Nobody writing examples by hand would think to try a sub-millisecond value; Hypothesis tries it early because it deliberately explores small and fractional numbers.",[10,1542,1543,1544,1547,1548,1550,1551,1553],{},"The fix is to decide what the tool's resolution really is and make both functions agree on it. Here, durations are whole milliseconds: parse exactly with ",[14,1545,1546],{},"Decimal",", reject anything finer, and format from an integer. Restricting the pattern to ASCII digits (",[14,1549,1108],{}," rather than ",[14,1552,240],{},", which in Python also matches other scripts' digits) removes a second, subtler class of surprise at the same time:",[117,1555,1557],{"className":119,"code":1556,"language":121,"meta":122,"style":122},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fdurations.py (fixed)\nimport re\nfrom decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation\n\nUNIT_MS = {\"ms\": 1, \"s\": 1000, \"m\": 60_000, \"h\": 3_600_000}\nPATTERN = re.compile(r\"([0-9]+(?:\\.[0-9]+)?)(ms|s|m|h)\")   # ASCII digits only\n\n\ndef parse_ms(text: str) -> int:\n    \"\"\"'1.5h', '30s', '250ms' -> whole milliseconds. Raises ValueError on bad input.\"\"\"\n    m = PATTERN.fullmatch(text.strip())\n    if not m:\n        raise ValueError(f\"invalid duration {text!r}\")\n    try:\n        ms = Decimal(m[1]) * UNIT_MS[m[2]]\n    except InvalidOperation:\n        raise ValueError(f\"invalid duration {text!r}\") from None\n    if ms != ms.to_integral_value():\n        raise ValueError(f\"{text!r} is finer than one millisecond\")\n    return int(ms)\n\n\ndef format_ms(ms: int) -> str:\n    \"\"\"Whole milliseconds -> the largest unit that represents them exactly.\"\"\"\n    for unit in (\"h\", \"m\", \"s\"):\n        if ms >= UNIT_MS[unit] and ms % UNIT_MS[unit] == 0:\n            return f\"{ms \u002F\u002F UNIT_MS[unit]}{unit}\"\n    return f\"{ms}ms\"\n",[14,1558,1559,1564,1570,1582,1586,1630,1685,1689,1693,1711,1716,1726,1734,1758,1764,1789,1796,1826,1839,1864,1873,1877,1881,1899,1904,1926,1957,1986],{"__ignoreMap":122},[126,1560,1561],{"class":128,"line":129},[126,1562,1563],{"class":132},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fdurations.py (fixed)\n",[126,1565,1566,1568],{"class":128,"line":136},[126,1567,140],{"class":139},[126,1569,144],{"class":143},[126,1571,1572,1574,1577,1579],{"class":128,"line":147},[126,1573,600],{"class":139},[126,1575,1576],{"class":143}," decimal ",[126,1578,140],{"class":139},[126,1580,1581],{"class":143}," Decimal, InvalidOperation\n",[126,1583,1584],{"class":128,"line":154},[126,1585,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1587,1588,1591,1593,1595,1597,1599,1601,1603,1605,1607,1610,1612,1614,1616,1619,1621,1623,1625,1628],{"class":128,"line":210},[126,1589,1590],{"class":157},"UNIT_MS",[126,1592,161],{"class":139},[126,1594,164],{"class":143},[126,1596,168],{"class":167},[126,1598,171],{"class":143},[126,1600,394],{"class":157},[126,1602,17],{"class":143},[126,1604,179],{"class":167},[126,1606,171],{"class":143},[126,1608,1609],{"class":157},"1000",[126,1611,17],{"class":143},[126,1613,189],{"class":167},[126,1615,171],{"class":143},[126,1617,1618],{"class":157},"60_000",[126,1620,17],{"class":143},[126,1622,199],{"class":167},[126,1624,171],{"class":143},[126,1626,1627],{"class":157},"3_600_000",[126,1629,207],{"class":143},[126,1631,1632,1634,1636,1638,1640,1642,1645,1647,1649,1651,1653,1655,1657,1659,1661,1663,1665,1667,1669,1671,1673,1675,1677,1679,1682],{"class":128,"line":281},[126,1633,213],{"class":157},[126,1635,161],{"class":139},[126,1637,218],{"class":143},[126,1639,221],{"class":139},[126,1641,224],{"class":167},[126,1643,1644],{"class":157},"([0-9]",[126,1646,230],{"class":139},[126,1648,233],{"class":157},[126,1650,237],{"class":236},[126,1652,1108],{"class":157},[126,1654,230],{"class":139},[126,1656,245],{"class":157},[126,1658,248],{"class":139},[126,1660,251],{"class":157},[126,1662,255],{"class":254},[126,1664,258],{"class":139},[126,1666,261],{"class":254},[126,1668,258],{"class":139},[126,1670,266],{"class":254},[126,1672,258],{"class":139},[126,1674,271],{"class":254},[126,1676,245],{"class":157},[126,1678,224],{"class":167},[126,1680,1681],{"class":143},")   ",[126,1683,1684],{"class":132},"# ASCII digits only\n",[126,1686,1687],{"class":128,"line":286},[126,1688,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1690,1691],{"class":128,"line":291},[126,1692,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1694,1695,1697,1700,1702,1704,1706,1709],{"class":128,"line":316},[126,1696,294],{"class":139},[126,1698,1699],{"class":297}," parse_ms",[126,1701,301],{"class":143},[126,1703,304],{"class":157},[126,1705,307],{"class":143},[126,1707,1708],{"class":157},"int",[126,1710,313],{"class":143},[126,1712,1713],{"class":128,"line":322},[126,1714,1715],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"'1.5h', '30s', '250ms' -> whole milliseconds. Raises ValueError on bad input.\"\"\"\n",[126,1717,1718,1720,1722,1724],{"class":128,"line":336},[126,1719,325],{"class":143},[126,1721,31],{"class":139},[126,1723,330],{"class":157},[126,1725,333],{"class":143},[126,1727,1728,1730,1732],{"class":128,"line":348},[126,1729,339],{"class":139},[126,1731,342],{"class":139},[126,1733,345],{"class":143},[126,1735,1736,1738,1740,1742,1744,1746,1748,1750,1752,1754,1756],{"class":128,"line":382},[126,1737,351],{"class":139},[126,1739,354],{"class":157},[126,1741,357],{"class":143},[126,1743,360],{"class":139},[126,1745,363],{"class":167},[126,1747,366],{"class":157},[126,1749,369],{"class":143},[126,1751,372],{"class":139},[126,1753,375],{"class":157},[126,1755,224],{"class":167},[126,1757,278],{"class":143},[126,1759,1760,1762],{"class":128,"line":415},[126,1761,776],{"class":139},[126,1763,313],{"class":143},[126,1765,1766,1769,1771,1774,1776,1778,1780,1783,1785,1787],{"class":128,"line":420},[126,1767,1768],{"class":143},"        ms ",[126,1770,31],{"class":139},[126,1772,1773],{"class":143}," Decimal(m[",[126,1775,394],{"class":157},[126,1777,397],{"class":143},[126,1779,400],{"class":139},[126,1781,1782],{"class":157}," UNIT_MS",[126,1784,406],{"class":143},[126,1786,409],{"class":157},[126,1788,412],{"class":143},[126,1790,1791,1793],{"class":128,"line":425},[126,1792,795],{"class":139},[126,1794,1795],{"class":143}," InvalidOperation:\n",[126,1797,1798,1800,1802,1804,1806,1808,1810,1812,1814,1816,1818,1821,1823],{"class":128,"line":444},[126,1799,351],{"class":139},[126,1801,354],{"class":157},[126,1803,357],{"class":143},[126,1805,360],{"class":139},[126,1807,363],{"class":167},[126,1809,366],{"class":157},[126,1811,369],{"class":143},[126,1813,372],{"class":139},[126,1815,375],{"class":157},[126,1817,224],{"class":167},[126,1819,1820],{"class":143},") ",[126,1822,600],{"class":139},[126,1824,1825],{"class":157}," None\n",[126,1827,1828,1830,1833,1836],{"class":128,"line":450},[126,1829,339],{"class":139},[126,1831,1832],{"class":143}," ms ",[126,1834,1835],{"class":139},"!=",[126,1837,1838],{"class":143}," ms.to_integral_value():\n",[126,1840,1841,1843,1845,1847,1849,1851,1853,1855,1857,1859,1862],{"class":128,"line":478},[126,1842,351],{"class":139},[126,1844,354],{"class":157},[126,1846,357],{"class":143},[126,1848,360],{"class":139},[126,1850,224],{"class":167},[126,1852,366],{"class":157},[126,1854,369],{"class":143},[126,1856,372],{"class":139},[126,1858,375],{"class":157},[126,1860,1861],{"class":167}," is finer than one millisecond\"",[126,1863,278],{"class":143},[126,1865,1866,1868,1870],{"class":128,"line":497},[126,1867,385],{"class":139},[126,1869,520],{"class":157},[126,1871,1872],{"class":143},"(ms)\n",[126,1874,1875],{"class":128,"line":526},[126,1876,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1878,1879],{"class":128,"line":554},[126,1880,151],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":150},[126,1882,1883,1885,1888,1891,1893,1895,1897],{"class":128,"line":773},[126,1884,294],{"class":139},[126,1886,1887],{"class":297}," format_ms",[126,1889,1890],{"class":143},"(ms: ",[126,1892,1708],{"class":157},[126,1894,307],{"class":143},[126,1896,304],{"class":157},[126,1898,313],{"class":143},[126,1900,1901],{"class":128,"line":781},[126,1902,1903],{"class":167},"    \"\"\"Whole milliseconds -> the largest unit that represents them exactly.\"\"\"\n",[126,1905,1906,1908,1910,1912,1914,1916,1918,1920,1922,1924],{"class":128,"line":792},[126,1907,453],{"class":139},[126,1909,456],{"class":143},[126,1911,459],{"class":139},[126,1913,462],{"class":143},[126,1915,199],{"class":167},[126,1917,17],{"class":143},[126,1919,189],{"class":167},[126,1921,17],{"class":143},[126,1923,179],{"class":167},[126,1925,475],{"class":143},[126,1927,1928,1930,1932,1934,1936,1939,1941,1943,1946,1948,1950,1952,1955],{"class":128,"line":806},[126,1929,500],{"class":139},[126,1931,1832],{"class":143},[126,1933,506],{"class":139},[126,1935,1782],{"class":157},[126,1937,1938],{"class":143},"[unit] ",[126,1940,1309],{"class":139},[126,1942,1832],{"class":143},[126,1944,1945],{"class":139},"%",[126,1947,1782],{"class":157},[126,1949,1938],{"class":143},[126,1951,517],{"class":139},[126,1953,1954],{"class":157}," 0",[126,1956,313],{"class":143},[126,1958,1959,1961,1963,1965,1967,1970,1973,1975,1978,1980,1982,1984],{"class":128,"line":829},[126,1960,529],{"class":139},[126,1962,532],{"class":139},[126,1964,224],{"class":167},[126,1966,366],{"class":157},[126,1968,1969],{"class":143},"ms ",[126,1971,1972],{"class":139},"\u002F\u002F",[126,1974,1782],{"class":157},[126,1976,1977],{"class":143},"[unit]",[126,1979,543],{"class":157},[126,1981,546],{"class":143},[126,1983,375],{"class":157},[126,1985,551],{"class":167},[126,1987,1988,1990,1992,1994,1996,1998,2000],{"class":128,"line":837},[126,1989,385],{"class":139},[126,1991,532],{"class":139},[126,1993,224],{"class":167},[126,1995,366],{"class":157},[126,1997,255],{"class":143},[126,1999,375],{"class":157},[126,2001,578],{"class":167},[10,2003,2004,2005,2008],{},"With integers there is no floating-point rounding anywhere, so the round-trip property can be strengthened to cover ",[39,2006,2007],{},"every"," possible value, not just parsed text:",[117,2010,2012],{"className":119,"code":2011,"language":121,"meta":122,"style":122},"@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=10**12))\ndef test_format_parse_round_trip_for_all_values(ms):\n    assert parse_ms(format_ms(ms)) == ms\n",[14,2013,2014,2047,2057],{"__ignoreMap":122},[126,2015,2016,2018,2021,2024,2026,2028,2030,2033,2035,2038,2041,2044],{"class":128,"line":129},[126,2017,1151],{"class":297},[126,2019,2020],{"class":143},"(st.integers(",[126,2022,2023],{"class":723},"min_value",[126,2025,31],{"class":139},[126,2027,1222],{"class":157},[126,2029,17],{"class":143},[126,2031,2032],{"class":723},"max_value",[126,2034,31],{"class":139},[126,2036,2037],{"class":157},"10",[126,2039,2040],{"class":139},"**",[126,2042,2043],{"class":157},"12",[126,2045,2046],{"class":143},"))\n",[126,2048,2049,2051,2054],{"class":128,"line":136},[126,2050,294],{"class":139},[126,2052,2053],{"class":297}," test_format_parse_round_trip_for_all_values",[126,2055,2056],{"class":143},"(ms):\n",[126,2058,2059,2061,2064,2066],{"class":128,"line":147},[126,2060,1212],{"class":139},[126,2062,2063],{"class":143}," parse_ms(format_ms(ms)) ",[126,2065,517],{"class":139},[126,2067,2068],{"class":143}," ms\n",[10,2070,2071,2072,2075],{},"Hypothesis also stores the original counterexample in its local database and replays it first on the next run, so the regression is checked every time; adding ",[14,2073,2074],{},"@example(\"0.1ms\")"," to the round-trip test makes it visible in the code as well.",[50,2077,2079],{"id":2078},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[10,2081,2082],{},"Property-based tests improve the user experience indirectly, by making every weird input end in a helpful error:",[55,2084,2085,2095,2101],{},[58,2086,2087,2090,2091,48],{},[34,2088,2089],{},"No tracebacks for bad input."," The never-crash property is effectively a guarantee that users see \"Invalid value for 'DURATION': invalid duration '…'\" rather than a stack trace. See ",[44,2092,2094],{"href":2093},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Ferror-handling-and-exit-codes\u002Ffriendly-error-messages-and-tracebacks\u002F","friendly error messages and tracebacks",[58,2096,2097,2100],{},[34,2098,2099],{},"Documented grammar matches reality."," Generating valid inputs from the documented format keeps help text and behaviour aligned.",[58,2102,2103,2106],{},[34,2104,2105],{},"Script-safe output."," Output-format properties protect everyone who pipes your tool into something else.",[50,2108,2110],{"id":2109},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,2112,2113],{},"Keep property tests fast and deterministic enough for CI:",[55,2115,2116,2125,2145,2158],{},[58,2117,2118,462,2121,2124],{},[34,2119,2120],{},"Bound the input size",[14,2122,2123],{},"max_size=40","); CLI arguments are short, and huge inputs only slow the search.",[58,2126,2127,2130,2131,2133,2134,2137,2138,2141,2142,48],{},[34,2128,2129],{},"Use settings profiles",": a small ",[14,2132,1164],{}," for local runs, a larger one in a nightly CI job. Register them in ",[14,2135,2136],{},"conftest.py"," with ",[14,2139,2140],{},"settings.register_profile(\"ci\", max_examples=1000)"," and select one with ",[14,2143,2144],{},"--hypothesis-profile=ci",[58,2146,2147,2153,2154,2157],{},[34,2148,2149,2150],{},"Commit nothing from ",[14,2151,2152],{},".hypothesis\u002F"," — the failure database is local — but turn every interesting failure into an explicit example with ",[14,2155,2156],{},"@example(\"0.\")"," so it is documented in the test file.",[58,2159,2160,2163],{},[34,2161,2162],{},"Avoid filesystem-heavy work per example."," A property that creates files for every one of 300 examples is slow; test path-handling logic on pure functions, and keep one or two example-based tests for the filesystem itself.",[50,2165,2167],{"id":2166},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,2169,2170],{},"Property-based testing is unusually effective at the edges of a CLI, where arbitrary text becomes typed values. State a few properties — never crashes, accepts everything the grammar allows, formatter and parser round-trip, machine output always parses — and let Hypothesis search for counterexamples and shrink them to something readable. It finds the Unicode digits, empty strings and overflowing numbers that example-based tests never think to try, and every bug it finds becomes a permanent regression test.",[50,2172,2174],{"id":2173},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[1473,2176,2178],{"id":2177},"does-hypothesis-slow-down-the-test-suite","Does Hypothesis slow down the test suite?",[10,2180,2181,2182,2184,2185,2187],{},"A property with 100 examples through ",[14,2183,70],{}," typically takes well under a second. Keep generated inputs small, avoid I\u002FO per example, and reserve large ",[14,2186,1164],{}," values for a scheduled CI job.",[1473,2189,2191],{"id":2190},"can-i-generate-whole-command-lines","Can I generate whole command lines?",[10,2193,2194,2195,2198,2199,2202],{},"Yes: compose strategies for subcommands, flags and values with ",[14,2196,2197],{},"st.lists"," and ",[14,2200,2201],{},"st.sampled_from"," to build argument lists, then assert the never-crash property over the whole CLI. It is a cheap way to fuzz every command at once.",[1473,2204,2206],{"id":2205},"should-property-tests-replace-example-tests","Should property tests replace example tests?",[10,2208,2209,2210,2213],{},"No. Examples document intended behaviour clearly (\"",[14,2211,2212],{},"1.5h"," is 5400 seconds\"); properties explore behaviour broadly. Use both, and convert interesting counterexamples into explicit examples.",[1473,2215,2217],{"id":2216},"does-this-work-with-argparse","Does this work with argparse?",[10,2219,2220,2221,2224,2225,2228,2229,2232],{},"Yes. Call ",[14,2222,2223],{},"parser.parse_args(argv)"," inside the property and treat ",[14,2226,2227],{},"SystemExit(2)"," as the acceptable usage-error outcome, exactly as ",[14,2230,2231],{},"exit_code in (0, 2)"," does above.",[50,2234,2236],{"id":2235},"related","Related",[55,2238,2239,2245,2251,2257,2263],{},[58,2240,2241,2242],{},"Up: ",[44,2243,2244],{"href":46},"Testing Python CLI applications",[58,2246,2247],{},[44,2248,2250],{"href":2249},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002Fend-to-end-testing-an-installed-cli\u002F","End-to-end testing an installed CLI",[58,2252,2253],{},[44,2254,2256],{"href":2255},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Ftesting-python-cli-applications\u002Fsnapshot-testing-cli-output\u002F","Snapshot testing CLI output",[58,2258,2259],{},[44,2260,2262],{"href":2261},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fwriting-custom-click-parameter-types\u002F","Writing custom Click parameter types",[58,2264,2265],{},[44,2266,2268],{"href":2267},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002F","Advanced argument validation strategies",[2270,2271,2272],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .snhLl, html code.shiki .snhLl{--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-default-font-weight:bold;--shiki-dark:#85E89D;--shiki-dark-font-weight:bold}html pre.shiki code .sA_wV, html code.shiki .sA_wV{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#DBEDFF}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark 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.s4XuR{--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}",{"title":122,"searchDepth":136,"depth":136,"links":2274},[2275,2276,2277,2278,2282,2283,2284,2285,2291],{"id":52,"depth":136,"text":53},{"id":78,"depth":136,"text":79},{"id":111,"depth":136,"text":112},{"id":897,"depth":136,"text":898,"children":2279},[2280,2281],{"id":1475,"depth":147,"text":1476},{"id":1515,"depth":147,"text":1516},{"id":2078,"depth":136,"text":2079},{"id":2109,"depth":136,"text":2110},{"id":2166,"depth":136,"text":2167},{"id":2173,"depth":136,"text":2174,"children":2286},[2287,2288,2289,2290],{"id":2177,"depth":147,"text":2178},{"id":2190,"depth":147,"text":2191},{"id":2205,"depth":147,"text":2206},{"id":2216,"depth":147,"text":2217},{"id":2235,"depth":136,"text":2236},"2026-09-18","Find argument-handling bugs in Python CLIs with Hypothesis: strategies for argv, never-crash and round-trip properties, JSON output checks, shrinking and 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