[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2804},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Frunning-a-cli-on-a-schedule-with-cron-and-systemd\u002F":3,"content-directory":1961},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":1946,"description":1947,"difficulty":1948,"draft":1949,"extension":1950,"meta":1951,"navigation":204,"path":1952,"seo":1953,"stem":1954,"tags":1955,"updated":1946,"__hash__":1960},"content\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Frunning-a-cli-on-a-schedule-with-cron-and-systemd\u002Findex.md","Running a Python CLI on a Schedule with cron and systemd",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1929},"minimark",[9,27,32,61,65,68,126,129,133,137,140,799,811,815,822,901,904,954,957,960,964,978,1054,1111,1186,1189,1250,1256,1259,1263,1317,1321,1331,1809,1828,1832,1838,1842,1847,1862,1866,1873,1877,1884,1888,1891,1895,1925],[10,11,12,16,17,20,21,26],"p",{},[13,14,15],"code",{},"mytool sync"," works perfectly when you run it. Scheduled from cron at 3 a.m., it fails with ",[13,18,19],{},"mytool: command not found",", or runs and silently does nothing because it could not find its config, or prompts for a token no one will ever type, or — the week the API is slow — starts a second copy while the first is still running and corrupts its state file. Scheduled execution is a different environment from your shell in almost every respect, and a command has to be prepared for it. This guide covers making a Python CLI safe to schedule, then gives complete, working configurations for both cron and systemd timers, with logging, overlap protection and a way to test the scheduled environment before 3 a.m. arrives. It belongs to the ",[22,23,25],"a",{"href":24},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002F","long-running and watch-mode topic",".",[28,29,31],"h2",{"id":30},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[33,34,35,51,54],"ul",{},[36,37,38,39,42,43,46,47,26],"li",{},"A CLI installed as a proper command — with ",[13,40,41],{},"uv tool install"," or ",[13,44,45],{},"pipx",", so it has a stable absolute path. See ",[22,48,50],{"href":49},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Fuv-tool-install-vs-pipx-for-clis\u002F","uv tool install vs pipx for CLIs",[36,52,53],{},"A Linux or macOS machine with cron, or Linux with systemd for the timer examples.",[36,55,56,57,26],{},"Credentials available non-interactively, via ",[22,58,60],{"href":59},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002Freading-secrets-from-env-and-files\u002F","environment variables or files",[28,62,64],{"id":63},"what-is-different-about-a-scheduled-run","What is different about a scheduled run",[10,66,67],{},"A scheduler starts your command with:",[33,69,70,88,105,114,120],{},[36,71,72,79,80,83,84,87],{},[73,74,75,76],"strong",{},"A minimal ",[13,77,78],{},"PATH"," — often just ",[13,81,82],{},"\u002Fusr\u002Fbin:\u002Fbin",". Commands installed in ",[13,85,86],{},"~\u002F.local\u002Fbin"," are not found.",[36,89,90,93,94,97,98,42,101,104],{},[73,91,92],{},"No shell profile."," Nothing from ",[13,95,96],{},".bashrc",", ",[13,99,100],{},".zshrc",[13,102,103],{},".profile"," runs, so exported variables, aliases and virtual environment activations are all absent.",[36,106,107,110,111,26],{},[73,108,109],{},"A different working directory"," — usually the home directory, sometimes ",[13,112,113],{},"\u002F",[36,115,116,119],{},[73,117,118],{},"No terminal."," stdin is not a TTY, and nothing reads stdout or stderr unless you arrange it.",[36,121,122,125],{},[73,123,124],{},"No person."," A prompt waits forever; a failure is noticed only if something reports it.",[10,127,128],{},"Every classic \"works when I run it\" failure comes from one of those five.",[28,130,132],{"id":131},"making-the-command-safe-to-schedule","Making the command safe to schedule",[134,135],"inline-diagram",{"name":136},"lr-scheduled-checklist",[10,138,139],{},"Most of the work happens in the CLI itself, and it benefits interactive use too:",[141,142,147],"pre",{"className":143,"code":144,"language":145,"meta":146,"style":146},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\nimport os\nimport sys\nimport time\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nimport typer\nfrom filelock import FileLock, Timeout\n\napp = typer.Typer()\nEX_TEMPFAIL = 75\n\n\n@app.callback()\ndef main() -> None:\n    \"\"\"Sync tool, safe to run from cron or a systemd timer.\"\"\"\n\n\n@app.command()\ndef sync(\n    state_dir: Path = typer.Option(\n        Path(os.environ.get(\"MYTOOL_STATE_DIR\", Path.home() \u002F \".local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\")),\n        help=\"Where sync state and the lock live (absolute path).\",\n    ),\n    quiet: bool = typer.Option(False, \"--quiet\", \"-q\", help=\"Only print errors.\"),\n) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Sync new items. Idempotent, non-interactive, overlap-safe.\"\"\"\n    token = os.environ.get(\"MYTOOL_TOKEN\")\n    if not token:\n        typer.echo(\"error: MYTOOL_TOKEN is not set (scheduled runs cannot prompt)\", err=True)\n        raise typer.Exit(2)\n\n    state_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n    try:\n        with FileLock(state_dir \u002F \"sync.lock\", timeout=0):\n            started = time.monotonic()\n            count = do_sync(state_dir, token)          # reads + writes state atomically\n            if not quiet:\n                typer.echo(f\"synced {count} items in {time.monotonic() - started:.1f}s\", err=True)\n    except Timeout:\n        typer.echo(\"another sync is still running; skipping this run\", err=True)\n        raise typer.Exit(EX_TEMPFAIL)\n\n\ndef do_sync(state_dir: Path, token: str) -> int:\n    marker = state_dir \u002F \"last-sync\"\n    marker.write_text(str(int(time.time())))\n    return 0\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app()\n","python","",[13,148,149,158,169,177,185,199,206,214,227,232,244,257,262,267,277,295,302,307,312,320,331,342,362,377,383,423,433,439,456,468,489,503,508,532,540,567,578,592,603,656,665,683,694,699,704,725,741,757,766,771,776,793],{"__ignoreMap":146},[150,151,154],"span",{"class":152,"line":153},"line",1,[150,155,157],{"class":156},"sJ8bj","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\n",[150,159,161,165],{"class":152,"line":160},2,[150,162,164],{"class":163},"szBVR","import",[150,166,168],{"class":167},"sVt8B"," os\n",[150,170,172,174],{"class":152,"line":171},3,[150,173,164],{"class":163},[150,175,176],{"class":167}," sys\n",[150,178,180,182],{"class":152,"line":179},4,[150,181,164],{"class":163},[150,183,184],{"class":167}," time\n",[150,186,188,191,194,196],{"class":152,"line":187},5,[150,189,190],{"class":163},"from",[150,192,193],{"class":167}," pathlib ",[150,195,164],{"class":163},[150,197,198],{"class":167}," Path\n",[150,200,202],{"class":152,"line":201},6,[150,203,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},true,"\n",[150,207,209,211],{"class":152,"line":208},7,[150,210,164],{"class":163},[150,212,213],{"class":167}," typer\n",[150,215,217,219,222,224],{"class":152,"line":216},8,[150,218,190],{"class":163},[150,220,221],{"class":167}," filelock ",[150,223,164],{"class":163},[150,225,226],{"class":167}," FileLock, Timeout\n",[150,228,230],{"class":152,"line":229},9,[150,231,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,233,235,238,241],{"class":152,"line":234},10,[150,236,237],{"class":167},"app ",[150,239,240],{"class":163},"=",[150,242,243],{"class":167}," typer.Typer()\n",[150,245,247,251,254],{"class":152,"line":246},11,[150,248,250],{"class":249},"sj4cs","EX_TEMPFAIL",[150,252,253],{"class":163}," =",[150,255,256],{"class":249}," 75\n",[150,258,260],{"class":152,"line":259},12,[150,261,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,263,265],{"class":152,"line":264},13,[150,266,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,268,270,274],{"class":152,"line":269},14,[150,271,273],{"class":272},"sScJk","@app.callback",[150,275,276],{"class":167},"()\n",[150,278,280,283,286,289,292],{"class":152,"line":279},15,[150,281,282],{"class":163},"def",[150,284,285],{"class":272}," main",[150,287,288],{"class":167},"() -> ",[150,290,291],{"class":249},"None",[150,293,294],{"class":167},":\n",[150,296,298],{"class":152,"line":297},16,[150,299,301],{"class":300},"sZZnC","    \"\"\"Sync tool, safe to run from cron or a systemd timer.\"\"\"\n",[150,303,305],{"class":152,"line":304},17,[150,306,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,308,310],{"class":152,"line":309},18,[150,311,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,313,315,318],{"class":152,"line":314},19,[150,316,317],{"class":272},"@app.command",[150,319,276],{"class":167},[150,321,323,325,328],{"class":152,"line":322},20,[150,324,282],{"class":163},[150,326,327],{"class":272}," sync",[150,329,330],{"class":167},"(\n",[150,332,334,337,339],{"class":152,"line":333},21,[150,335,336],{"class":167},"    state_dir: Path ",[150,338,240],{"class":163},[150,340,341],{"class":167}," typer.Option(\n",[150,343,345,348,351,354,356,359],{"class":152,"line":344},22,[150,346,347],{"class":167},"        Path(os.environ.get(",[150,349,350],{"class":300},"\"MYTOOL_STATE_DIR\"",[150,352,353],{"class":167},", Path.home() ",[150,355,113],{"class":163},[150,357,358],{"class":300}," \".local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\"",[150,360,361],{"class":167},")),\n",[150,363,365,369,371,374],{"class":152,"line":364},23,[150,366,368],{"class":367},"s4XuR","        help",[150,370,240],{"class":163},[150,372,373],{"class":300},"\"Where sync state and the lock live (absolute path).\"",[150,375,376],{"class":167},",\n",[150,378,380],{"class":152,"line":379},24,[150,381,382],{"class":167},"    ),\n",[150,384,386,389,392,394,397,400,402,405,407,410,412,415,417,420],{"class":152,"line":385},25,[150,387,388],{"class":167},"    quiet: ",[150,390,391],{"class":249},"bool",[150,393,253],{"class":163},[150,395,396],{"class":167}," typer.Option(",[150,398,399],{"class":249},"False",[150,401,97],{"class":167},[150,403,404],{"class":300},"\"--quiet\"",[150,406,97],{"class":167},[150,408,409],{"class":300},"\"-q\"",[150,411,97],{"class":167},[150,413,414],{"class":367},"help",[150,416,240],{"class":163},[150,418,419],{"class":300},"\"Only print errors.\"",[150,421,422],{"class":167},"),\n",[150,424,426,429,431],{"class":152,"line":425},26,[150,427,428],{"class":167},") -> ",[150,430,291],{"class":249},[150,432,294],{"class":167},[150,434,436],{"class":152,"line":435},27,[150,437,438],{"class":300},"    \"\"\"Sync new items. Idempotent, non-interactive, overlap-safe.\"\"\"\n",[150,440,442,445,447,450,453],{"class":152,"line":441},28,[150,443,444],{"class":167},"    token ",[150,446,240],{"class":163},[150,448,449],{"class":167}," os.environ.get(",[150,451,452],{"class":300},"\"MYTOOL_TOKEN\"",[150,454,455],{"class":167},")\n",[150,457,459,462,465],{"class":152,"line":458},29,[150,460,461],{"class":163},"    if",[150,463,464],{"class":163}," not",[150,466,467],{"class":167}," token:\n",[150,469,471,474,477,479,482,484,487],{"class":152,"line":470},30,[150,472,473],{"class":167},"        typer.echo(",[150,475,476],{"class":300},"\"error: MYTOOL_TOKEN is not set (scheduled runs cannot prompt)\"",[150,478,97],{"class":167},[150,480,481],{"class":367},"err",[150,483,240],{"class":163},[150,485,486],{"class":249},"True",[150,488,455],{"class":167},[150,490,492,495,498,501],{"class":152,"line":491},31,[150,493,494],{"class":163},"        raise",[150,496,497],{"class":167}," typer.Exit(",[150,499,500],{"class":249},"2",[150,502,455],{"class":167},[150,504,506],{"class":152,"line":505},32,[150,507,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,509,511,514,517,519,521,523,526,528,530],{"class":152,"line":510},33,[150,512,513],{"class":167},"    state_dir.mkdir(",[150,515,516],{"class":367},"parents",[150,518,240],{"class":163},[150,520,486],{"class":249},[150,522,97],{"class":167},[150,524,525],{"class":367},"exist_ok",[150,527,240],{"class":163},[150,529,486],{"class":249},[150,531,455],{"class":167},[150,533,535,538],{"class":152,"line":534},34,[150,536,537],{"class":163},"    try",[150,539,294],{"class":167},[150,541,543,546,549,551,554,556,559,561,564],{"class":152,"line":542},35,[150,544,545],{"class":163},"        with",[150,547,548],{"class":167}," FileLock(state_dir ",[150,550,113],{"class":163},[150,552,553],{"class":300}," \"sync.lock\"",[150,555,97],{"class":167},[150,557,558],{"class":367},"timeout",[150,560,240],{"class":163},[150,562,563],{"class":249},"0",[150,565,566],{"class":167},"):\n",[150,568,570,573,575],{"class":152,"line":569},36,[150,571,572],{"class":167},"            started ",[150,574,240],{"class":163},[150,576,577],{"class":167}," time.monotonic()\n",[150,579,581,584,586,589],{"class":152,"line":580},37,[150,582,583],{"class":167},"            count ",[150,585,240],{"class":163},[150,587,588],{"class":167}," do_sync(state_dir, token)          ",[150,590,591],{"class":156},"# reads + writes state atomically\n",[150,593,595,598,600],{"class":152,"line":594},38,[150,596,597],{"class":163},"            if",[150,599,464],{"class":163},[150,601,602],{"class":167}," quiet:\n",[150,604,606,609,612,615,618,621,624,627,629,632,635,638,641,643,646,648,650,652,654],{"class":152,"line":605},39,[150,607,608],{"class":167},"                typer.echo(",[150,610,611],{"class":163},"f",[150,613,614],{"class":300},"\"synced ",[150,616,617],{"class":249},"{",[150,619,620],{"class":167},"count",[150,622,623],{"class":249},"}",[150,625,626],{"class":300}," items in ",[150,628,617],{"class":249},[150,630,631],{"class":167},"time.monotonic() ",[150,633,634],{"class":163},"-",[150,636,637],{"class":167}," started",[150,639,640],{"class":163},":.1f",[150,642,623],{"class":249},[150,644,645],{"class":300},"s\"",[150,647,97],{"class":167},[150,649,481],{"class":367},[150,651,240],{"class":163},[150,653,486],{"class":249},[150,655,455],{"class":167},[150,657,659,662],{"class":152,"line":658},40,[150,660,661],{"class":163},"    except",[150,663,664],{"class":167}," Timeout:\n",[150,666,668,670,673,675,677,679,681],{"class":152,"line":667},41,[150,669,473],{"class":167},[150,671,672],{"class":300},"\"another sync is still running; skipping this run\"",[150,674,97],{"class":167},[150,676,481],{"class":367},[150,678,240],{"class":163},[150,680,486],{"class":249},[150,682,455],{"class":167},[150,684,686,688,690,692],{"class":152,"line":685},42,[150,687,494],{"class":163},[150,689,497],{"class":167},[150,691,250],{"class":249},[150,693,455],{"class":167},[150,695,697],{"class":152,"line":696},43,[150,698,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,700,702],{"class":152,"line":701},44,[150,703,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,705,707,709,712,715,718,720,723],{"class":152,"line":706},45,[150,708,282],{"class":163},[150,710,711],{"class":272}," do_sync",[150,713,714],{"class":167},"(state_dir: Path, token: ",[150,716,717],{"class":249},"str",[150,719,428],{"class":167},[150,721,722],{"class":249},"int",[150,724,294],{"class":167},[150,726,728,731,733,736,738],{"class":152,"line":727},46,[150,729,730],{"class":167},"    marker ",[150,732,240],{"class":163},[150,734,735],{"class":167}," state_dir ",[150,737,113],{"class":163},[150,739,740],{"class":300}," \"last-sync\"\n",[150,742,744,747,749,752,754],{"class":152,"line":743},47,[150,745,746],{"class":167},"    marker.write_text(",[150,748,717],{"class":249},[150,750,751],{"class":167},"(",[150,753,722],{"class":249},[150,755,756],{"class":167},"(time.time())))\n",[150,758,760,763],{"class":152,"line":759},48,[150,761,762],{"class":163},"    return",[150,764,765],{"class":249}," 0\n",[150,767,769],{"class":152,"line":768},49,[150,770,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,772,774],{"class":152,"line":773},50,[150,775,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,777,779,782,785,788,791],{"class":152,"line":778},51,[150,780,781],{"class":163},"if",[150,783,784],{"class":249}," __name__",[150,786,787],{"class":163}," ==",[150,789,790],{"class":300}," \"__main__\"",[150,792,294],{"class":167},[150,794,796],{"class":152,"line":795},52,[150,797,798],{"class":167},"    app()\n",[10,800,801,802,806,807,810],{},"The command never prompts, fails fast with a precise message when its credential is missing, keeps state at an absolute path that can be overridden, takes a non-blocking lock so overlapping runs skip rather than race (see ",[22,803,805],{"href":804},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Ffilesystem-paths-and-atomic-writes\u002Ffile-locking-for-concurrent-cli-runs\u002F","file locking for concurrent CLI runs","), prints one summary line, and exits with a code that says what happened — 0, 2 for configuration problems, 75 for \"try again later\". A ",[13,808,809],{},"--quiet"," flag reduces successful runs to silence, which matters for cron's mail-on-output behaviour.",[28,812,814],{"id":813},"option-1-cron","Option 1: cron",[10,816,817,818,821],{},"cron is on almost every Unix system and is the simplest option. Edit the table with ",[13,819,820],{},"crontab -e",":",[141,823,827],{"className":824,"code":825,"language":826,"meta":146,"style":146},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# m  h  dom mon dow   command\nSHELL=\u002Fbin\u002Fbash\nPATH=\u002Fusr\u002Flocal\u002Fbin:\u002Fusr\u002Fbin:\u002Fbin\nMAILTO=\"\"\n\n0 3 * * *  MYTOOL_TOKEN_FILE=\u002Fhome\u002Fana\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Ftoken \u002Fhome\u002Fana\u002F.local\u002Fbin\u002Fmytool sync --quiet >>\u002Fhome\u002Fana\u002F.local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\u002Fcron.log 2>&1\n","bash",[13,828,829,834,844,853,863,867],{"__ignoreMap":146},[150,830,831],{"class":152,"line":153},[150,832,833],{"class":156},"# m  h  dom mon dow   command\n",[150,835,836,839,841],{"class":152,"line":160},[150,837,838],{"class":167},"SHELL",[150,840,240],{"class":163},[150,842,843],{"class":300},"\u002Fbin\u002Fbash\n",[150,845,846,848,850],{"class":152,"line":171},[150,847,78],{"class":167},[150,849,240],{"class":163},[150,851,852],{"class":300},"\u002Fusr\u002Flocal\u002Fbin:\u002Fusr\u002Fbin:\u002Fbin\n",[150,854,855,858,860],{"class":152,"line":179},[150,856,857],{"class":167},"MAILTO",[150,859,240],{"class":163},[150,861,862],{"class":300},"\"\"\n",[150,864,865],{"class":152,"line":187},[150,866,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,868,869,871,874,877,879,881,884,887,889,892,895,898],{"class":152,"line":201},[150,870,563],{"class":272},[150,872,873],{"class":249}," 3",[150,875,876],{"class":249}," *",[150,878,876],{"class":249},[150,880,876],{"class":249},[150,882,883],{"class":300},"  MYTOOL_TOKEN_FILE=\u002Fhome\u002Fana\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Ftoken",[150,885,886],{"class":300}," \u002Fhome\u002Fana\u002F.local\u002Fbin\u002Fmytool",[150,888,327],{"class":300},[150,890,891],{"class":249}," --quiet",[150,893,894],{"class":163}," >>",[150,896,897],{"class":300},"\u002Fhome\u002Fana\u002F.local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\u002Fcron.log",[150,899,900],{"class":163}," 2>&1\n",[10,902,903],{},"Everything in that line is deliberate:",[33,905,906,926,936,946],{},[36,907,908,911,912,915,916,918,919,921,922,925],{},[73,909,910],{},"An absolute path to the command."," ",[13,913,914],{},"~\u002F.local\u002Fbin\u002Fmytool"," is where ",[13,917,41],{}," and ",[13,920,45],{}," place launchers; find yours with ",[13,923,924],{},"command -v mytool",". The launcher pins the right interpreter and virtual environment, so no activation is needed.",[36,927,928,931,932,935],{},[73,929,930],{},"Credentials from a file",", readable only by you, via the ",[13,933,934],{},"_FILE"," convention — never the token itself in the crontab, which other administrators may read.",[36,937,938,941,942,945],{},[73,939,940],{},"Output appended to a log file."," Without the redirect, cron mails any output to the user, and on most modern machines that mail goes nowhere. ",[13,943,944],{},"2>&1"," captures errors, which is what you most need to see.",[36,947,948,953],{},[73,949,950],{},[13,951,952],{},"MAILTO=\"\""," disables mail explicitly once you are logging to a file.",[10,955,956],{},"cron's limitations are real: no built-in overlap protection (the lock handles that), no catch-up for runs missed while the machine was off, and logs only if you set them up. Where systemd is available, timers remove all three.",[134,958],{"name":959},"lr-cron-vs-systemd",[28,961,963],{"id":962},"option-2-a-systemd-timer","Option 2: a systemd timer",[10,965,966,967,970,971,974,975,821],{},"A timer is two small unit files: a ",[73,968,969],{},"service"," describing how to run the command, and a ",[73,972,973],{},"timer"," describing when. User units need no root access. Put these in ",[13,976,977],{},"~\u002F.config\u002Fsystemd\u002Fuser\u002F",[141,979,983],{"className":980,"code":981,"language":982,"meta":146,"style":146},"language-ini shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# ~\u002F.config\u002Fsystemd\u002Fuser\u002Fmytool-sync.service\n[Unit]\nDescription=mytool sync\nWants=network-online.target\nAfter=network-online.target\n\n[Service]\nType=oneshot\nExecStart=%h\u002F.local\u002Fbin\u002Fmytool sync\nEnvironment=MYTOOL_TOKEN_FILE=%h\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Ftoken\nEnvironment=PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1\nTimeoutStartSec=30min\nSuccessExitStatus=75\nNice=10\n","ini",[13,984,985,990,995,1000,1005,1010,1014,1019,1024,1029,1034,1039,1044,1049],{"__ignoreMap":146},[150,986,987],{"class":152,"line":153},[150,988,989],{},"# ~\u002F.config\u002Fsystemd\u002Fuser\u002Fmytool-sync.service\n",[150,991,992],{"class":152,"line":160},[150,993,994],{},"[Unit]\n",[150,996,997],{"class":152,"line":171},[150,998,999],{},"Description=mytool sync\n",[150,1001,1002],{"class":152,"line":179},[150,1003,1004],{},"Wants=network-online.target\n",[150,1006,1007],{"class":152,"line":187},[150,1008,1009],{},"After=network-online.target\n",[150,1011,1012],{"class":152,"line":201},[150,1013,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1015,1016],{"class":152,"line":208},[150,1017,1018],{},"[Service]\n",[150,1020,1021],{"class":152,"line":216},[150,1022,1023],{},"Type=oneshot\n",[150,1025,1026],{"class":152,"line":229},[150,1027,1028],{},"ExecStart=%h\u002F.local\u002Fbin\u002Fmytool sync\n",[150,1030,1031],{"class":152,"line":234},[150,1032,1033],{},"Environment=MYTOOL_TOKEN_FILE=%h\u002F.config\u002Fmytool\u002Ftoken\n",[150,1035,1036],{"class":152,"line":246},[150,1037,1038],{},"Environment=PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1\n",[150,1040,1041],{"class":152,"line":259},[150,1042,1043],{},"TimeoutStartSec=30min\n",[150,1045,1046],{"class":152,"line":264},[150,1047,1048],{},"SuccessExitStatus=75\n",[150,1050,1051],{"class":152,"line":269},[150,1052,1053],{},"Nice=10\n",[141,1055,1057],{"className":980,"code":1056,"language":982,"meta":146,"style":146},"# ~\u002F.config\u002Fsystemd\u002Fuser\u002Fmytool-sync.timer\n[Unit]\nDescription=Run mytool sync nightly\n\n[Timer]\nOnCalendar=*-*-* 03:00:00\nRandomizedDelaySec=10min\nPersistent=true\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=timers.target\n",[13,1058,1059,1064,1068,1073,1077,1082,1087,1092,1097,1101,1106],{"__ignoreMap":146},[150,1060,1061],{"class":152,"line":153},[150,1062,1063],{},"# ~\u002F.config\u002Fsystemd\u002Fuser\u002Fmytool-sync.timer\n",[150,1065,1066],{"class":152,"line":160},[150,1067,994],{},[150,1069,1070],{"class":152,"line":171},[150,1071,1072],{},"Description=Run mytool sync nightly\n",[150,1074,1075],{"class":152,"line":179},[150,1076,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1078,1079],{"class":152,"line":187},[150,1080,1081],{},"[Timer]\n",[150,1083,1084],{"class":152,"line":201},[150,1085,1086],{},"OnCalendar=*-*-* 03:00:00\n",[150,1088,1089],{"class":152,"line":208},[150,1090,1091],{},"RandomizedDelaySec=10min\n",[150,1093,1094],{"class":152,"line":216},[150,1095,1096],{},"Persistent=true\n",[150,1098,1099],{"class":152,"line":229},[150,1100,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1102,1103],{"class":152,"line":234},[150,1104,1105],{},"[Install]\n",[150,1107,1108],{"class":152,"line":246},[150,1109,1110],{},"WantedBy=timers.target\n",[141,1112,1114],{"className":824,"code":1113,"language":826,"meta":146,"style":146},"$ systemctl --user daemon-reload\n$ systemctl --user enable --now mytool-sync.timer\n$ systemctl --user start mytool-sync.service      # run once now, to test\n$ loginctl enable-linger \"$USER\"                  # keep user timers running when logged out\n",[13,1115,1116,1130,1147,1164],{"__ignoreMap":146},[150,1117,1118,1121,1124,1127],{"class":152,"line":153},[150,1119,1120],{"class":272},"$",[150,1122,1123],{"class":300}," systemctl",[150,1125,1126],{"class":249}," --user",[150,1128,1129],{"class":300}," daemon-reload\n",[150,1131,1132,1134,1136,1138,1141,1144],{"class":152,"line":160},[150,1133,1120],{"class":272},[150,1135,1123],{"class":300},[150,1137,1126],{"class":249},[150,1139,1140],{"class":300}," enable",[150,1142,1143],{"class":249}," --now",[150,1145,1146],{"class":300}," mytool-sync.timer\n",[150,1148,1149,1151,1153,1155,1158,1161],{"class":152,"line":171},[150,1150,1120],{"class":272},[150,1152,1123],{"class":300},[150,1154,1126],{"class":249},[150,1156,1157],{"class":300}," start",[150,1159,1160],{"class":300}," mytool-sync.service",[150,1162,1163],{"class":156},"      # run once now, to test\n",[150,1165,1166,1168,1171,1174,1177,1180,1183],{"class":152,"line":179},[150,1167,1120],{"class":272},[150,1169,1170],{"class":300}," loginctl",[150,1172,1173],{"class":300}," enable-linger",[150,1175,1176],{"class":300}," \"",[150,1178,1179],{"class":167},"$USER",[150,1181,1182],{"class":300},"\"",[150,1184,1185],{"class":156},"                  # keep user timers running when logged out\n",[10,1187,1188],{},"What systemd adds, without any code:",[33,1190,1191,1200,1210,1219,1241],{},[36,1192,1193,1196,1197,26],{},[73,1194,1195],{},"Logging."," Everything the command writes to stderr goes to the journal with timestamps: ",[13,1198,1199],{},"journalctl --user -u mytool-sync",[36,1201,1202,1205,1206,1209],{},[73,1203,1204],{},"No overlap."," A ",[13,1207,1208],{},"oneshot"," service cannot be started again while it is still running; the timer simply waits.",[36,1211,1212,911,1215,1218],{},[73,1213,1214],{},"Missed runs.",[13,1216,1217],{},"Persistent=true"," runs a job that was due while the machine was asleep or off, as soon as it comes back.",[36,1220,1221,911,1224,1227,1228,1231,1232,1236,1237,1240],{},[73,1222,1223],{},"Timeouts and priority.",[13,1225,1226],{},"TimeoutStartSec"," stops a hung run (with ",[13,1229,1230],{},"SIGTERM",", so graceful shutdown applies — see ",[22,1233,1235],{"href":1234},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fhandling-sigterm-and-graceful-shutdown\u002F","handling SIGTERM and graceful shutdown","); ",[13,1238,1239],{},"Nice=10"," keeps the job from competing with interactive work.",[36,1242,1243,911,1246,1249],{},[73,1244,1245],{},"Spread load.",[13,1247,1248],{},"RandomizedDelaySec"," stops a fleet of machines from all hitting your API at exactly 03:00.",[10,1251,1252,1255],{},[13,1253,1254],{},"SuccessExitStatus=75"," tells systemd that \"skipped because another run was active\" is not a failure worth flagging.",[134,1257],{"name":1258},"lr-systemd-terminal",[28,1260,1262],{"id":1261},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[33,1264,1265,1279,1288,1294,1303],{},[36,1266,1267,1270,1271,1274,1275,26],{},[73,1268,1269],{},"No colours or progress bars when not on a terminal."," Check ",[13,1272,1273],{},"sys.stderr.isatty()"," and fall back to plain lines; otherwise the journal and log files fill with escape codes. See ",[22,1276,1278],{"href":1277},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes\u002Fdetecting-tty-and-adapting-output\u002F","detecting a TTY and adapting output",[36,1280,1281,1284,1285,26],{},[73,1282,1283],{},"One summary line per run."," \"synced 318 items (2 skipped) in 41s\" is what someone scanning logs wants. Put details behind ",[13,1286,1287],{},"--verbose",[36,1289,1290,1293],{},[73,1291,1292],{},"Distinguish failure kinds by exit code."," Configuration errors, transient failures and skipped runs call for different reactions from whoever reads the logs.",[36,1295,1296,1205,1299,1302],{},[73,1297,1298],{},"Offer a scheduling helper.",[13,1300,1301],{},"mytool schedule install"," command that writes the unit files (or prints the crontab line) with the correct absolute paths saves every user from rediscovering them.",[36,1304,1305,1308,1309,1312,1313,26],{},[73,1306,1307],{},"Report stale data interactively."," When a person runs ",[13,1310,1311],{},"mytool status",", show when the last scheduled sync happened. It is the fastest way to notice a timer that stopped firing — and the basis of the ",[22,1314,1316],{"href":1315},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fhealth-checks-and-heartbeats-for-long-running-clis\u002F","health checks guide",[28,1318,1320],{"id":1319},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,1322,1323,1324,1327,1328,1330],{},"You can reproduce the scheduler's environment with ",[13,1325,1326],{},"env -i",", which starts a command with an empty environment. A test that runs the installed CLI that way catches missing-",[13,1329,78],{}," and missing-variable failures before cron does:",[141,1332,1334],{"className":143,"code":1333,"language":145,"meta":146,"style":146},"# tests\u002Ftest_scheduled.py\nimport subprocess\nimport sys\n\nimport pytest\n\npytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == \"win32\", reason=\"cron-style environment\")\n\n\ndef cron_env(tmp_path, **extra):\n    return {\"PATH\": \"\u002Fusr\u002Fbin:\u002Fbin\", \"HOME\": str(tmp_path), **extra}\n\n\ndef run(tmp_path, *args, **extra):\n    return subprocess.run([sys.executable, \"-m\", \"mytool.cli\", \"sync\", *args],\n                          env=cron_env(tmp_path, **extra), capture_output=True, text=True,\n                          stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL, timeout=30)\n\n\ndef test_missing_token_fails_fast(tmp_path):\n    r = run(tmp_path)\n    assert r.returncode == 2\n    assert \"MYTOOL_TOKEN\" in r.stderr\n\n\ndef test_runs_in_minimal_environment(tmp_path):\n    r = run(tmp_path, \"--quiet\", MYTOOL_TOKEN=\"t\")\n    assert r.returncode == 0\n    assert r.stderr == \"\"\n    assert (tmp_path \u002F \".local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\u002Flast-sync\").exists()\n\n\ndef test_overlapping_run_is_skipped(tmp_path):\n    from filelock import FileLock\n\n    state = tmp_path \u002F \".local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\"\n    state.mkdir(parents=True)\n    with FileLock(state \u002F \"sync.lock\"):\n        r = run(tmp_path, MYTOOL_TOKEN=\"t\")\n    assert r.returncode == 75\n    assert \"skipping\" in r.stderr\n",[13,1335,1336,1341,1348,1354,1358,1365,1369,1397,1401,1405,1421,1454,1458,1462,1481,1508,1541,1565,1569,1573,1583,1593,1606,1619,1623,1627,1636,1659,1669,1681,1696,1700,1704,1713,1725,1729,1744,1757,1771,1788,1798],{"__ignoreMap":146},[150,1337,1338],{"class":152,"line":153},[150,1339,1340],{"class":156},"# tests\u002Ftest_scheduled.py\n",[150,1342,1343,1345],{"class":152,"line":160},[150,1344,164],{"class":163},[150,1346,1347],{"class":167}," subprocess\n",[150,1349,1350,1352],{"class":152,"line":171},[150,1351,164],{"class":163},[150,1353,176],{"class":167},[150,1355,1356],{"class":152,"line":179},[150,1357,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1359,1360,1362],{"class":152,"line":187},[150,1361,164],{"class":163},[150,1363,1364],{"class":167}," pytest\n",[150,1366,1367],{"class":152,"line":201},[150,1368,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1370,1371,1374,1376,1379,1382,1385,1387,1390,1392,1395],{"class":152,"line":208},[150,1372,1373],{"class":167},"pytestmark ",[150,1375,240],{"class":163},[150,1377,1378],{"class":167}," pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform ",[150,1380,1381],{"class":163},"==",[150,1383,1384],{"class":300}," \"win32\"",[150,1386,97],{"class":167},[150,1388,1389],{"class":367},"reason",[150,1391,240],{"class":163},[150,1393,1394],{"class":300},"\"cron-style environment\"",[150,1396,455],{"class":167},[150,1398,1399],{"class":152,"line":216},[150,1400,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1402,1403],{"class":152,"line":229},[150,1404,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1406,1407,1409,1412,1415,1418],{"class":152,"line":234},[150,1408,282],{"class":163},[150,1410,1411],{"class":272}," cron_env",[150,1413,1414],{"class":167},"(tmp_path, ",[150,1416,1417],{"class":163},"**",[150,1419,1420],{"class":167},"extra):\n",[150,1422,1423,1425,1428,1431,1434,1437,1439,1442,1444,1446,1449,1451],{"class":152,"line":246},[150,1424,762],{"class":163},[150,1426,1427],{"class":167}," {",[150,1429,1430],{"class":300},"\"PATH\"",[150,1432,1433],{"class":167},": ",[150,1435,1436],{"class":300},"\"\u002Fusr\u002Fbin:\u002Fbin\"",[150,1438,97],{"class":167},[150,1440,1441],{"class":300},"\"HOME\"",[150,1443,1433],{"class":167},[150,1445,717],{"class":249},[150,1447,1448],{"class":167},"(tmp_path), ",[150,1450,1417],{"class":163},[150,1452,1453],{"class":167},"extra}\n",[150,1455,1456],{"class":152,"line":259},[150,1457,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1459,1460],{"class":152,"line":264},[150,1461,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1463,1464,1466,1469,1471,1474,1477,1479],{"class":152,"line":269},[150,1465,282],{"class":163},[150,1467,1468],{"class":272}," run",[150,1470,1414],{"class":167},[150,1472,1473],{"class":163},"*",[150,1475,1476],{"class":167},"args, ",[150,1478,1417],{"class":163},[150,1480,1420],{"class":167},[150,1482,1483,1485,1488,1491,1493,1496,1498,1501,1503,1505],{"class":152,"line":279},[150,1484,762],{"class":163},[150,1486,1487],{"class":167}," subprocess.run([sys.executable, ",[150,1489,1490],{"class":300},"\"-m\"",[150,1492,97],{"class":167},[150,1494,1495],{"class":300},"\"mytool.cli\"",[150,1497,97],{"class":167},[150,1499,1500],{"class":300},"\"sync\"",[150,1502,97],{"class":167},[150,1504,1473],{"class":163},[150,1506,1507],{"class":167},"args],\n",[150,1509,1510,1513,1515,1518,1520,1523,1526,1528,1530,1532,1535,1537,1539],{"class":152,"line":297},[150,1511,1512],{"class":367},"                          env",[150,1514,240],{"class":163},[150,1516,1517],{"class":167},"cron_env(tmp_path, ",[150,1519,1417],{"class":163},[150,1521,1522],{"class":167},"extra), ",[150,1524,1525],{"class":367},"capture_output",[150,1527,240],{"class":163},[150,1529,486],{"class":249},[150,1531,97],{"class":167},[150,1533,1534],{"class":367},"text",[150,1536,240],{"class":163},[150,1538,486],{"class":249},[150,1540,376],{"class":167},[150,1542,1543,1546,1548,1551,1554,1556,1558,1560,1563],{"class":152,"line":304},[150,1544,1545],{"class":367},"                          stdin",[150,1547,240],{"class":163},[150,1549,1550],{"class":167},"subprocess.",[150,1552,1553],{"class":249},"DEVNULL",[150,1555,97],{"class":167},[150,1557,558],{"class":367},[150,1559,240],{"class":163},[150,1561,1562],{"class":249},"30",[150,1564,455],{"class":167},[150,1566,1567],{"class":152,"line":309},[150,1568,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1570,1571],{"class":152,"line":314},[150,1572,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1574,1575,1577,1580],{"class":152,"line":322},[150,1576,282],{"class":163},[150,1578,1579],{"class":272}," test_missing_token_fails_fast",[150,1581,1582],{"class":167},"(tmp_path):\n",[150,1584,1585,1588,1590],{"class":152,"line":333},[150,1586,1587],{"class":167},"    r ",[150,1589,240],{"class":163},[150,1591,1592],{"class":167}," run(tmp_path)\n",[150,1594,1595,1598,1601,1603],{"class":152,"line":344},[150,1596,1597],{"class":163},"    assert",[150,1599,1600],{"class":167}," r.returncode ",[150,1602,1381],{"class":163},[150,1604,1605],{"class":249}," 2\n",[150,1607,1608,1610,1613,1616],{"class":152,"line":364},[150,1609,1597],{"class":163},[150,1611,1612],{"class":300}," \"MYTOOL_TOKEN\"",[150,1614,1615],{"class":163}," in",[150,1617,1618],{"class":167}," r.stderr\n",[150,1620,1621],{"class":152,"line":379},[150,1622,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1624,1625],{"class":152,"line":385},[150,1626,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1628,1629,1631,1634],{"class":152,"line":425},[150,1630,282],{"class":163},[150,1632,1633],{"class":272}," test_runs_in_minimal_environment",[150,1635,1582],{"class":167},[150,1637,1638,1640,1642,1645,1647,1649,1652,1654,1657],{"class":152,"line":435},[150,1639,1587],{"class":167},[150,1641,240],{"class":163},[150,1643,1644],{"class":167}," run(tmp_path, ",[150,1646,404],{"class":300},[150,1648,97],{"class":167},[150,1650,1651],{"class":367},"MYTOOL_TOKEN",[150,1653,240],{"class":163},[150,1655,1656],{"class":300},"\"t\"",[150,1658,455],{"class":167},[150,1660,1661,1663,1665,1667],{"class":152,"line":441},[150,1662,1597],{"class":163},[150,1664,1600],{"class":167},[150,1666,1381],{"class":163},[150,1668,765],{"class":249},[150,1670,1671,1673,1676,1678],{"class":152,"line":458},[150,1672,1597],{"class":163},[150,1674,1675],{"class":167}," r.stderr ",[150,1677,1381],{"class":163},[150,1679,1680],{"class":300}," \"\"\n",[150,1682,1683,1685,1688,1690,1693],{"class":152,"line":470},[150,1684,1597],{"class":163},[150,1686,1687],{"class":167}," (tmp_path ",[150,1689,113],{"class":163},[150,1691,1692],{"class":300}," \".local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\u002Flast-sync\"",[150,1694,1695],{"class":167},").exists()\n",[150,1697,1698],{"class":152,"line":491},[150,1699,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1701,1702],{"class":152,"line":505},[150,1703,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1705,1706,1708,1711],{"class":152,"line":510},[150,1707,282],{"class":163},[150,1709,1710],{"class":272}," test_overlapping_run_is_skipped",[150,1712,1582],{"class":167},[150,1714,1715,1718,1720,1722],{"class":152,"line":534},[150,1716,1717],{"class":163},"    from",[150,1719,221],{"class":167},[150,1721,164],{"class":163},[150,1723,1724],{"class":167}," FileLock\n",[150,1726,1727],{"class":152,"line":542},[150,1728,205],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":204},[150,1730,1731,1734,1736,1739,1741],{"class":152,"line":569},[150,1732,1733],{"class":167},"    state ",[150,1735,240],{"class":163},[150,1737,1738],{"class":167}," tmp_path ",[150,1740,113],{"class":163},[150,1742,1743],{"class":300}," \".local\u002Fstate\u002Fmytool\"\n",[150,1745,1746,1749,1751,1753,1755],{"class":152,"line":580},[150,1747,1748],{"class":167},"    state.mkdir(",[150,1750,516],{"class":367},[150,1752,240],{"class":163},[150,1754,486],{"class":249},[150,1756,455],{"class":167},[150,1758,1759,1762,1765,1767,1769],{"class":152,"line":594},[150,1760,1761],{"class":163},"    with",[150,1763,1764],{"class":167}," FileLock(state ",[150,1766,113],{"class":163},[150,1768,553],{"class":300},[150,1770,566],{"class":167},[150,1772,1773,1776,1778,1780,1782,1784,1786],{"class":152,"line":605},[150,1774,1775],{"class":167},"        r 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Running the service manually with ",[13,1825,1826],{},"systemctl --user start"," before enabling the timer is the final check.",[28,1829,1831],{"id":1830},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,1833,1834,1835,1837],{},"Scheduling a CLI is mostly about the CLI: never prompt, read credentials from the environment or files, use absolute paths, lock against overlap, log one useful line, and exit with meaningful codes. With that in place, cron needs one careful line with an absolute path and a log redirect, and a systemd timer adds journald logging, catch-up for missed runs, overlap prevention and timeouts for two short unit files. Test the minimal environment with ",[13,1836,1326],{}," and the scheduler will hold no surprises.",[28,1839,1841],{"id":1840},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[1843,1844,1846],"h3",{"id":1845},"how-do-i-schedule-on-macos","How do I schedule on macOS?",[10,1848,1849,1850,1853,1854,1857,1858,1861],{},"cron works on macOS but is deprecated in favour of ",[13,1851,1852],{},"launchd",". A LaunchAgent plist in ",[13,1855,1856],{},"~\u002FLibrary\u002FLaunchAgents"," with ",[13,1859,1860],{},"StartCalendarInterval"," is the native equivalent of a systemd timer; it also needs absolute paths and does not load your shell profile.",[1843,1863,1865],{"id":1864},"what-about-windows","What about Windows?",[10,1867,1868,1869,1872],{},"Use Task Scheduler (",[13,1870,1871],{},"schtasks \u002FCreate ...","), pointing at the full path of the installed executable. The same rules apply: no prompts, credentials from the environment or a file, output redirected to a log.",[1843,1874,1876],{"id":1875},"should-the-cli-include-its-own-scheduler-loop-instead","Should the CLI include its own scheduler loop instead?",[10,1878,1879,1880,1883],{},"For a long-lived service that already runs continuously, an internal interval loop is fine — see ",[22,1881,1882],{"href":24},"the topic overview",". For periodic jobs on a machine, prefer the system scheduler: it survives reboots, logs centrally and costs nothing between runs.",[1843,1885,1887],{"id":1886},"how-do-i-know-if-a-scheduled-job-stopped-running-entirely","How do I know if a scheduled job stopped running entirely?",[10,1889,1890],{},"Nothing inside the job can report that it did not run. Use a dead-man switch: ping an external monitoring URL at the end of each successful run, and let the monitor alert when pings stop arriving. The health-checks guide shows how.",[28,1892,1894],{"id":1893},"related","Related",[33,1896,1897,1903,1908,1913,1919],{},[36,1898,1899,1900],{},"Up: ",[22,1901,1902],{"href":24},"Long-running and watch-mode CLIs",[36,1904,1905],{},[22,1906,1907],{"href":1315},"Health checks and heartbeats for long-running CLIs",[36,1909,1910],{},[22,1911,1912],{"href":804},"File locking for concurrent CLI runs",[36,1914,1915],{},[22,1916,1918],{"href":1917},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpackaging-python-clis-for-distribution\u002Finstalling-and-distributing-clis-with-pipx\u002F","Installing and distributing CLIs with pipx",[36,1920,1921],{},[22,1922,1924],{"href":1923},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Fdetecting-ci-environments-and-non-interactive-shells\u002F","Detecting CI environments and non-interactive shells",[1926,1927,1928],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki 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