[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3235},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Ftyped-settings-with-pydantic-settings\u002F":3,"content-directory":2391},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":2377,"description":2378,"difficulty":2379,"draft":2380,"extension":2381,"meta":2382,"navigation":125,"path":2383,"seo":2384,"stem":2385,"tags":2386,"updated":2377,"__hash__":2390},"content\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Ftyped-settings-with-pydantic-settings\u002Findex.md","Typed Settings with pydantic-settings in Python CLIs",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2358},"minimark",[9,24,29,58,62,66,77,81,84,857,860,988,992,1006,1357,1367,1371,1397,1400,1403,1407,1457,1461,1464,2193,2204,2208,2217,2221,2226,2234,2242,2253,2257,2268,2272,2290,2294,2320,2324,2354],[10,11,12,13,17,18,23],"p",{},"A CLI's settings arrive from several places at once: defaults in the code, a config file, environment variables set in a shell or CI job, and flags on the command line. Merging them by hand means a precedence function, type conversion for every environment variable (they are all strings), validation, and error messages — repeated for every new setting. ",[14,15,16],"strong",{},"pydantic-settings"," does all of it from one class declaration: each field has a type, a default and constraints; the library reads environment variables and config files, converts and validates everything, merges sources in the order you choose, and reports every problem with the field it concerns. This guide builds a settings model for a CLI, wires in a TOML config file and command-line flags with the correct precedence, handles nested sections and secrets, and turns validation errors into messages users can act on. It belongs to the ",[19,20,22],"a",{"href":21},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002F","handling configuration files and environment variables topic",".",[25,26,28],"h2",{"id":27},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[30,31,32,48,51],"ul",{},[33,34,35,36,40,41,43,44,47],"li",{},"Python 3.10+, ",[37,38,39],"code",{},"pydantic"," 2 and ",[37,42,16],{}," 2.x (",[37,45,46],{},"uv add pydantic-settings",").",[33,49,50],{},"A Typer or Click CLI.",[33,52,53,54,23],{},"Familiarity with the precedence idea from ",[19,55,57],{"href":56},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fconfig-precedence-flags-env-files-defaults\u002F","config precedence: flags, env, files and defaults",[25,59,61],{"id":60},"sources-and-precedence","Sources and precedence",[63,64],"inline-diagram",{"name":65},"ps-sources",[10,67,68,69,72,73,76],{},"pydantic-settings reads from a list of ",[14,70,71],{},"sources",", highest priority first. Initialisation arguments — the values you pass to the constructor, which is where command-line flags go — come first; then environment variables; then optional dotenv and secret-file sources; and any config-file source you add. Field defaults apply only when no source provides a value. The order is entirely under your control through ",[37,74,75],{},"settings_customise_sources",", which is how the recipe below puts a TOML file under the environment.",[25,78,80],{"id":79},"the-recipe-the-settings-model","The recipe: the settings model",[63,82],{"name":83},"ps-model",[85,86,91],"pre",{"className":87,"code":88,"language":89,"meta":90,"style":90},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fsettings.py\nfrom __future__ import annotations\n\nfrom pathlib import Path\nfrom typing import Any\n\nfrom pydantic import BaseModel, Field, HttpUrl, SecretStr, ValidationError\nfrom pydantic_settings import (BaseSettings, PydanticBaseSettingsSource, SettingsConfigDict,\n                               TomlConfigSettingsSource)\n\nCONFIG_FILE = Path.home() \u002F \".config\" \u002F \"mytool\" \u002F \"config.toml\"\n\n\nclass DeploySettings(BaseModel):\n    region: str = \"eu-west-1\"\n    replicas: int = Field(2, ge=1, le=50)\n\n\nclass Settings(BaseSettings):\n    model_config = SettingsConfigDict(\n        env_prefix=\"MYTOOL_\",\n        env_nested_delimiter=\"__\",       # MYTOOL_DEPLOY__REGION=us-east-1\n        extra=\"forbid\",                  # unknown keys in the file are errors\n        toml_file=CONFIG_FILE,\n    )\n\n    api_url: HttpUrl = HttpUrl(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\")\n    timeout: float = Field(30.0, gt=0)\n    token: SecretStr | None = None\n    deploy: DeploySettings = DeploySettings()\n\n    @classmethod\n    def settings_customise_sources(\n        cls,\n        settings_cls: type[BaseSettings],\n        init_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n        env_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n        dotenv_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n        file_secret_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n    ) -> tuple[PydanticBaseSettingsSource, ...]:\n        # Highest priority first: flags (init), environment, then the TOML file.\n        return (init_settings, env_settings, TomlConfigSettingsSource(settings_cls))\n\n\nclass SettingsError(Exception):\n    pass\n\n\ndef load_settings(**flags: Any) -> Settings:\n    \"\"\"Merge flags (only those actually given), environment and config file.\"\"\"\n    given = {k: v for k, v in flags.items() if v is not None}\n    try:\n        return Settings(**given)\n    except ValidationError as exc:\n        lines = []\n        for err in exc.errors():\n            where = \".\".join(str(p) for p in err[\"loc\"])\n            lines.append(f\"  {where}: {err['msg']}\")\n        raise SettingsError(\"invalid settings:\\n\" + \"\\n\".join(lines)) from None\n","python","",[37,92,93,102,120,127,141,154,159,172,185,191,196,226,231,236,255,269,312,317,322,337,348,362,379,396,408,414,419,435,463,480,491,496,505,517,523,529,535,541,547,553,565,571,580,585,590,605,611,616,621,638,644,684,693,706,721,732,746,781,823],{"__ignoreMap":90},[94,95,98],"span",{"class":96,"line":97},"line",1,[94,99,101],{"class":100},"sJ8bj","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fsettings.py\n",[94,103,105,109,113,116],{"class":96,"line":104},2,[94,106,108],{"class":107},"szBVR","from",[94,110,112],{"class":111},"sj4cs"," __future__",[94,114,115],{"class":107}," import",[94,117,119],{"class":118},"sVt8B"," annotations\n",[94,121,123],{"class":96,"line":122},3,[94,124,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},true,"\n",[94,128,130,132,135,138],{"class":96,"line":129},4,[94,131,108],{"class":107},[94,133,134],{"class":118}," pathlib ",[94,136,137],{"class":107},"import",[94,139,140],{"class":118}," Path\n",[94,142,144,146,149,151],{"class":96,"line":143},5,[94,145,108],{"class":107},[94,147,148],{"class":118}," typing ",[94,150,137],{"class":107},[94,152,153],{"class":118}," Any\n",[94,155,157],{"class":96,"line":156},6,[94,158,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,160,162,164,167,169],{"class":96,"line":161},7,[94,163,108],{"class":107},[94,165,166],{"class":118}," pydantic ",[94,168,137],{"class":107},[94,170,171],{"class":118}," BaseModel, Field, HttpUrl, SecretStr, ValidationError\n",[94,173,175,177,180,182],{"class":96,"line":174},8,[94,176,108],{"class":107},[94,178,179],{"class":118}," pydantic_settings ",[94,181,137],{"class":107},[94,183,184],{"class":118}," (BaseSettings, PydanticBaseSettingsSource, SettingsConfigDict,\n",[94,186,188],{"class":96,"line":187},9,[94,189,190],{"class":118},"                               TomlConfigSettingsSource)\n",[94,192,194],{"class":96,"line":193},10,[94,195,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,197,199,202,205,208,211,215,218,221,223],{"class":96,"line":198},11,[94,200,201],{"class":111},"CONFIG_FILE",[94,203,204],{"class":107}," =",[94,206,207],{"class":118}," Path.home() ",[94,209,210],{"class":107},"\u002F",[94,212,214],{"class":213},"sZZnC"," \".config\"",[94,216,217],{"class":107}," \u002F",[94,219,220],{"class":213}," \"mytool\"",[94,222,217],{"class":107},[94,224,225],{"class":213}," \"config.toml\"\n",[94,227,229],{"class":96,"line":228},12,[94,230,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,232,234],{"class":96,"line":233},13,[94,235,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,237,239,242,246,249,252],{"class":96,"line":238},14,[94,240,241],{"class":107},"class",[94,243,245],{"class":244},"sScJk"," DeploySettings",[94,247,248],{"class":118},"(",[94,250,251],{"class":244},"BaseModel",[94,253,254],{"class":118},"):\n",[94,256,258,261,264,266],{"class":96,"line":257},15,[94,259,260],{"class":118},"    region: ",[94,262,263],{"class":111},"str",[94,265,204],{"class":107},[94,267,268],{"class":213}," \"eu-west-1\"\n",[94,270,272,275,278,280,283,286,289,293,296,299,301,304,306,309],{"class":96,"line":271},16,[94,273,274],{"class":118},"    replicas: ",[94,276,277],{"class":111},"int",[94,279,204],{"class":107},[94,281,282],{"class":118}," Field(",[94,284,285],{"class":111},"2",[94,287,288],{"class":118},", ",[94,290,292],{"class":291},"s4XuR","ge",[94,294,295],{"class":107},"=",[94,297,298],{"class":111},"1",[94,300,288],{"class":118},[94,302,303],{"class":291},"le",[94,305,295],{"class":107},[94,307,308],{"class":111},"50",[94,310,311],{"class":118},")\n",[94,313,315],{"class":96,"line":314},17,[94,316,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,318,320],{"class":96,"line":319},18,[94,321,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,323,325,327,330,332,335],{"class":96,"line":324},19,[94,326,241],{"class":107},[94,328,329],{"class":244}," Settings",[94,331,248],{"class":118},[94,333,334],{"class":244},"BaseSettings",[94,336,254],{"class":118},[94,338,340,343,345],{"class":96,"line":339},20,[94,341,342],{"class":118},"    model_config ",[94,344,295],{"class":107},[94,346,347],{"class":118}," SettingsConfigDict(\n",[94,349,351,354,356,359],{"class":96,"line":350},21,[94,352,353],{"class":291},"        env_prefix",[94,355,295],{"class":107},[94,357,358],{"class":213},"\"MYTOOL_\"",[94,360,361],{"class":118},",\n",[94,363,365,368,370,373,376],{"class":96,"line":364},22,[94,366,367],{"class":291},"        env_nested_delimiter",[94,369,295],{"class":107},[94,371,372],{"class":213},"\"__\"",[94,374,375],{"class":118},",       ",[94,377,378],{"class":100},"# MYTOOL_DEPLOY__REGION=us-east-1\n",[94,380,382,385,387,390,393],{"class":96,"line":381},23,[94,383,384],{"class":291},"        extra",[94,386,295],{"class":107},[94,388,389],{"class":213},"\"forbid\"",[94,391,392],{"class":118},",                  ",[94,394,395],{"class":100},"# unknown keys in the file are errors\n",[94,397,399,402,404,406],{"class":96,"line":398},24,[94,400,401],{"class":291},"        toml_file",[94,403,295],{"class":107},[94,405,201],{"class":111},[94,407,361],{"class":118},[94,409,411],{"class":96,"line":410},25,[94,412,413],{"class":118},"    )\n",[94,415,417],{"class":96,"line":416},26,[94,418,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,420,422,425,427,430,433],{"class":96,"line":421},27,[94,423,424],{"class":118},"    api_url: HttpUrl ",[94,426,295],{"class":107},[94,428,429],{"class":118}," HttpUrl(",[94,431,432],{"class":213},"\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\"",[94,434,311],{"class":118},[94,436,438,441,444,446,448,451,453,456,458,461],{"class":96,"line":437},28,[94,439,440],{"class":118},"    timeout: ",[94,442,443],{"class":111},"float",[94,445,204],{"class":107},[94,447,282],{"class":118},[94,449,450],{"class":111},"30.0",[94,452,288],{"class":118},[94,454,455],{"class":291},"gt",[94,457,295],{"class":107},[94,459,460],{"class":111},"0",[94,462,311],{"class":118},[94,464,466,469,472,475,477],{"class":96,"line":465},29,[94,467,468],{"class":118},"    token: SecretStr ",[94,470,471],{"class":107},"|",[94,473,474],{"class":111}," None",[94,476,204],{"class":107},[94,478,479],{"class":111}," None\n",[94,481,483,486,488],{"class":96,"line":482},30,[94,484,485],{"class":118},"    deploy: DeploySettings ",[94,487,295],{"class":107},[94,489,490],{"class":118}," DeploySettings()\n",[94,492,494],{"class":96,"line":493},31,[94,495,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,497,499,502],{"class":96,"line":498},32,[94,500,501],{"class":244},"    @",[94,503,504],{"class":111},"classmethod\n",[94,506,508,511,514],{"class":96,"line":507},33,[94,509,510],{"class":107},"    def",[94,512,513],{"class":244}," settings_customise_sources",[94,515,516],{"class":118},"(\n",[94,518,520],{"class":96,"line":519},34,[94,521,522],{"class":118},"        cls,\n",[94,524,526],{"class":96,"line":525},35,[94,527,528],{"class":118},"        settings_cls: type[BaseSettings],\n",[94,530,532],{"class":96,"line":531},36,[94,533,534],{"class":118},"        init_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n",[94,536,538],{"class":96,"line":537},37,[94,539,540],{"class":118},"        env_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n",[94,542,544],{"class":96,"line":543},38,[94,545,546],{"class":118},"        dotenv_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n",[94,548,550],{"class":96,"line":549},39,[94,551,552],{"class":118},"        file_secret_settings: PydanticBaseSettingsSource,\n",[94,554,556,559,562],{"class":96,"line":555},40,[94,557,558],{"class":118},"    ) -> tuple[PydanticBaseSettingsSource, ",[94,560,561],{"class":111},"...",[94,563,564],{"class":118},"]:\n",[94,566,568],{"class":96,"line":567},41,[94,569,570],{"class":100},"        # Highest priority first: flags (init), environment, then the TOML file.\n",[94,572,574,577],{"class":96,"line":573},42,[94,575,576],{"class":107},"        return",[94,578,579],{"class":118}," (init_settings, env_settings, TomlConfigSettingsSource(settings_cls))\n",[94,581,583],{"class":96,"line":582},43,[94,584,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,586,588],{"class":96,"line":587},44,[94,589,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,591,593,595,598,600,603],{"class":96,"line":592},45,[94,594,241],{"class":107},[94,596,597],{"class":244}," SettingsError",[94,599,248],{"class":118},[94,601,602],{"class":111},"Exception",[94,604,254],{"class":118},[94,606,608],{"class":96,"line":607},46,[94,609,610],{"class":107},"    pass\n",[94,612,614],{"class":96,"line":613},47,[94,615,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,617,619],{"class":96,"line":618},48,[94,620,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,622,624,627,630,632,635],{"class":96,"line":623},49,[94,625,626],{"class":107},"def",[94,628,629],{"class":244}," load_settings",[94,631,248],{"class":118},[94,633,634],{"class":107},"**",[94,636,637],{"class":118},"flags: Any) -> Settings:\n",[94,639,641],{"class":96,"line":640},50,[94,642,643],{"class":213},"    \"\"\"Merge flags (only those actually given), environment and config file.\"\"\"\n",[94,645,647,650,652,655,658,661,664,667,670,673,676,679,681],{"class":96,"line":646},51,[94,648,649],{"class":118},"    given ",[94,651,295],{"class":107},[94,653,654],{"class":118}," {k: v ",[94,656,657],{"class":107},"for",[94,659,660],{"class":118}," k, v ",[94,662,663],{"class":107},"in",[94,665,666],{"class":118}," flags.items() ",[94,668,669],{"class":107},"if",[94,671,672],{"class":118}," v ",[94,674,675],{"class":107},"is",[94,677,678],{"class":107}," not",[94,680,474],{"class":111},[94,682,683],{"class":118},"}\n",[94,685,687,690],{"class":96,"line":686},52,[94,688,689],{"class":107},"    try",[94,691,692],{"class":118},":\n",[94,694,696,698,701,703],{"class":96,"line":695},53,[94,697,576],{"class":107},[94,699,700],{"class":118}," Settings(",[94,702,634],{"class":107},[94,704,705],{"class":118},"given)\n",[94,707,709,712,715,718],{"class":96,"line":708},54,[94,710,711],{"class":107},"    except",[94,713,714],{"class":118}," ValidationError ",[94,716,717],{"class":107},"as",[94,719,720],{"class":118}," exc:\n",[94,722,724,727,729],{"class":96,"line":723},55,[94,725,726],{"class":118},"        lines ",[94,728,295],{"class":107},[94,730,731],{"class":118}," []\n",[94,733,735,738,741,743],{"class":96,"line":734},56,[94,736,737],{"class":107},"        for",[94,739,740],{"class":118}," err ",[94,742,663],{"class":107},[94,744,745],{"class":118}," exc.errors():\n",[94,747,749,752,754,757,760,762,765,767,770,772,775,778],{"class":96,"line":748},57,[94,750,751],{"class":118},"            where ",[94,753,295],{"class":107},[94,755,756],{"class":213}," \".\"",[94,758,759],{"class":118},".join(",[94,761,263],{"class":111},[94,763,764],{"class":118},"(p) ",[94,766,657],{"class":107},[94,768,769],{"class":118}," p ",[94,771,663],{"class":107},[94,773,774],{"class":118}," err[",[94,776,777],{"class":213},"\"loc\"",[94,779,780],{"class":118},"])\n",[94,782,784,787,790,793,796,799,802,805,807,810,813,816,818,821],{"class":96,"line":783},58,[94,785,786],{"class":118},"            lines.append(",[94,788,789],{"class":107},"f",[94,791,792],{"class":213},"\"  ",[94,794,795],{"class":111},"{",[94,797,798],{"class":118},"where",[94,800,801],{"class":111},"}",[94,803,804],{"class":213},": ",[94,806,795],{"class":111},[94,808,809],{"class":118},"err[",[94,811,812],{"class":213},"'msg'",[94,814,815],{"class":118},"]",[94,817,801],{"class":111},[94,819,820],{"class":213},"\"",[94,822,311],{"class":118},[94,824,826,829,832,835,838,840,843,846,848,850,853,855],{"class":96,"line":825},59,[94,827,828],{"class":107},"        raise",[94,830,831],{"class":118}," SettingsError(",[94,833,834],{"class":213},"\"invalid settings:",[94,836,837],{"class":111},"\\n",[94,839,820],{"class":213},[94,841,842],{"class":107}," +",[94,844,845],{"class":213}," \"",[94,847,837],{"class":111},[94,849,820],{"class":213},[94,851,852],{"class":118},".join(lines)) ",[94,854,108],{"class":107},[94,856,479],{"class":111},[10,858,859],{},"What the configuration does:",[30,861,862,878,893,905,936,965],{},[33,863,864,869,870,873,874,877],{},[14,865,866],{},[37,867,868],{},"env_prefix=\"MYTOOL_\""," maps ",[37,871,872],{},"timeout"," to ",[37,875,876],{},"MYTOOL_TIMEOUT",", so your variables never clash with other tools'.",[33,879,880,885,886,889,890,23],{},[14,881,882],{},[37,883,884],{},"env_nested_delimiter=\"__\""," lets environment variables reach nested sections: ",[37,887,888],{},"MYTOOL_DEPLOY__REGION=us-east-1"," sets ",[37,891,892],{},"deploy.region",[33,894,895,900,901,904],{},[14,896,897],{},[37,898,899],{},"extra=\"forbid\""," turns unknown keys in the config file into errors, so a typo like ",[37,902,903],{},"replicaz = 3"," is reported rather than silently ignored.",[33,906,907,916,917,920,921,923,924,927,928,931,932,935],{},[14,908,909,912,913],{},[37,910,911],{},"toml_file="," plus ",[37,914,915],{},"TomlConfigSettingsSource"," reads the config file; listing it after ",[37,918,919],{},"env_settings"," in ",[37,922,75],{}," gives the environment priority over the file. Leaving out ",[37,925,926],{},"dotenv_settings"," and ",[37,929,930],{},"file_secret_settings"," is deliberate — a CLI loading ",[37,933,934],{},".env"," from whatever directory it runs in can be surprising in production.",[33,937,938,941,942,945,946,949,950,953,954,957,958,927,961,964],{},[14,939,940],{},"Types do the conversion."," ",[37,943,944],{},"timeout: float"," turns ",[37,947,948],{},"\"20\""," from the environment into ",[37,951,952],{},"20.0","; ",[37,955,956],{},"HttpUrl"," validates URLs; ",[37,959,960],{},"Field(gt=0)",[37,962,963],{},"Field(ge=1, le=50)"," enforce ranges.",[33,966,967,972,973,976,977,953,980,983,984,23],{},[14,968,969],{},[37,970,971],{},"SecretStr"," keeps the token masked in ",[37,974,975],{},"repr",", logs and ",[37,978,979],{},"model_dump_json()",[37,981,982],{},"settings.token.get_secret_value()"," is the explicit way to read it, as discussed in ",[19,985,987],{"href":986},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002F","secrets and credentials in Python CLIs",[25,989,991],{"id":990},"the-recipe-flags-on-top","The recipe: flags on top",[10,993,994,995,998,999,1001,1002,1005],{},"Command-line flags go in as constructor arguments — but only the ones the user actually gave. Passing ",[37,996,997],{},"None"," for an unset flag would override the environment and file with ",[37,1000,997],{},", which is why ",[37,1003,1004],{},"load_settings"," filters them:",[85,1007,1009],{"className":87,"code":1008,"language":89,"meta":90,"style":90},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\nfrom __future__ import annotations\n\nfrom typing import Annotated\n\nimport typer\n\nfrom mytool.settings import SettingsError, load_settings\n\napp = typer.Typer()\n\n\n@app.callback()\ndef main(\n    ctx: typer.Context,\n    api_url: Annotated[str | None, typer.Option(\"--api-url\", help=\"API base URL.\")] = None,\n    timeout: Annotated[float | None, typer.Option(help=\"Request timeout in seconds.\")] = None,\n) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Deployment tool with typed settings.\"\"\"\n    try:\n        ctx.obj = load_settings(api_url=api_url, timeout=timeout)\n    except SettingsError as exc:\n        typer.echo(f\"error: {exc}\", err=True)\n        raise typer.Exit(78)                     # EX_CONFIG\n\n\n@app.command()\ndef show(ctx: typer.Context) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Print the effective settings (secrets masked).\"\"\"\n    typer.echo(ctx.obj.model_dump_json(indent=2))\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app()\n",[37,1010,1011,1016,1026,1030,1041,1045,1052,1056,1068,1072,1082,1086,1090,1098,1107,1112,1149,1177,1186,1191,1197,1222,1233,1264,1280,1284,1288,1295,1309,1314,1329,1333,1337,1352],{"__ignoreMap":90},[94,1012,1013],{"class":96,"line":97},[94,1014,1015],{"class":100},"# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\n",[94,1017,1018,1020,1022,1024],{"class":96,"line":104},[94,1019,108],{"class":107},[94,1021,112],{"class":111},[94,1023,115],{"class":107},[94,1025,119],{"class":118},[94,1027,1028],{"class":96,"line":122},[94,1029,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1031,1032,1034,1036,1038],{"class":96,"line":129},[94,1033,108],{"class":107},[94,1035,148],{"class":118},[94,1037,137],{"class":107},[94,1039,1040],{"class":118}," Annotated\n",[94,1042,1043],{"class":96,"line":143},[94,1044,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1046,1047,1049],{"class":96,"line":156},[94,1048,137],{"class":107},[94,1050,1051],{"class":118}," typer\n",[94,1053,1054],{"class":96,"line":161},[94,1055,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1057,1058,1060,1063,1065],{"class":96,"line":174},[94,1059,108],{"class":107},[94,1061,1062],{"class":118}," mytool.settings ",[94,1064,137],{"class":107},[94,1066,1067],{"class":118}," SettingsError, load_settings\n",[94,1069,1070],{"class":96,"line":187},[94,1071,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1073,1074,1077,1079],{"class":96,"line":193},[94,1075,1076],{"class":118},"app ",[94,1078,295],{"class":107},[94,1080,1081],{"class":118}," typer.Typer()\n",[94,1083,1084],{"class":96,"line":198},[94,1085,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1087,1088],{"class":96,"line":228},[94,1089,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1091,1092,1095],{"class":96,"line":233},[94,1093,1094],{"class":244},"@app.callback",[94,1096,1097],{"class":118},"()\n",[94,1099,1100,1102,1105],{"class":96,"line":238},[94,1101,626],{"class":107},[94,1103,1104],{"class":244}," main",[94,1106,516],{"class":118},[94,1108,1109],{"class":96,"line":257},[94,1110,1111],{"class":118},"    ctx: typer.Context,\n",[94,1113,1114,1117,1119,1122,1124,1127,1130,1132,1135,1137,1140,1143,1145,1147],{"class":96,"line":271},[94,1115,1116],{"class":118},"    api_url: Annotated[",[94,1118,263],{"class":111},[94,1120,1121],{"class":107}," |",[94,1123,474],{"class":111},[94,1125,1126],{"class":118},", typer.Option(",[94,1128,1129],{"class":213},"\"--api-url\"",[94,1131,288],{"class":118},[94,1133,1134],{"class":291},"help",[94,1136,295],{"class":107},[94,1138,1139],{"class":213},"\"API base URL.\"",[94,1141,1142],{"class":118},")] ",[94,1144,295],{"class":107},[94,1146,474],{"class":111},[94,1148,361],{"class":118},[94,1150,1151,1154,1156,1158,1160,1162,1164,1166,1169,1171,1173,1175],{"class":96,"line":314},[94,1152,1153],{"class":118},"    timeout: Annotated[",[94,1155,443],{"class":111},[94,1157,1121],{"class":107},[94,1159,474],{"class":111},[94,1161,1126],{"class":118},[94,1163,1134],{"class":291},[94,1165,295],{"class":107},[94,1167,1168],{"class":213},"\"Request timeout in seconds.\"",[94,1170,1142],{"class":118},[94,1172,295],{"class":107},[94,1174,474],{"class":111},[94,1176,361],{"class":118},[94,1178,1179,1182,1184],{"class":96,"line":319},[94,1180,1181],{"class":118},") -> ",[94,1183,997],{"class":111},[94,1185,692],{"class":118},[94,1187,1188],{"class":96,"line":324},[94,1189,1190],{"class":213},"    \"\"\"Deployment tool with typed settings.\"\"\"\n",[94,1192,1193,1195],{"class":96,"line":339},[94,1194,689],{"class":107},[94,1196,692],{"class":118},[94,1198,1199,1202,1204,1207,1210,1212,1215,1217,1219],{"class":96,"line":350},[94,1200,1201],{"class":118},"        ctx.obj ",[94,1203,295],{"class":107},[94,1205,1206],{"class":118}," load_settings(",[94,1208,1209],{"class":291},"api_url",[94,1211,295],{"class":107},[94,1213,1214],{"class":118},"api_url, ",[94,1216,872],{"class":291},[94,1218,295],{"class":107},[94,1220,1221],{"class":118},"timeout)\n",[94,1223,1224,1226,1229,1231],{"class":96,"line":364},[94,1225,711],{"class":107},[94,1227,1228],{"class":118}," SettingsError ",[94,1230,717],{"class":107},[94,1232,720],{"class":118},[94,1234,1235,1238,1240,1243,1245,1248,1250,1252,1254,1257,1259,1262],{"class":96,"line":381},[94,1236,1237],{"class":118},"        typer.echo(",[94,1239,789],{"class":107},[94,1241,1242],{"class":213},"\"error: ",[94,1244,795],{"class":111},[94,1246,1247],{"class":118},"exc",[94,1249,801],{"class":111},[94,1251,820],{"class":213},[94,1253,288],{"class":118},[94,1255,1256],{"class":291},"err",[94,1258,295],{"class":107},[94,1260,1261],{"class":111},"True",[94,1263,311],{"class":118},[94,1265,1266,1268,1271,1274,1277],{"class":96,"line":398},[94,1267,828],{"class":107},[94,1269,1270],{"class":118}," typer.Exit(",[94,1272,1273],{"class":111},"78",[94,1275,1276],{"class":118},")                     ",[94,1278,1279],{"class":100},"# EX_CONFIG\n",[94,1281,1282],{"class":96,"line":410},[94,1283,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1285,1286],{"class":96,"line":416},[94,1287,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1289,1290,1293],{"class":96,"line":421},[94,1291,1292],{"class":244},"@app.command",[94,1294,1097],{"class":118},[94,1296,1297,1299,1302,1305,1307],{"class":96,"line":437},[94,1298,626],{"class":107},[94,1300,1301],{"class":244}," show",[94,1303,1304],{"class":118},"(ctx: typer.Context) -> ",[94,1306,997],{"class":111},[94,1308,692],{"class":118},[94,1310,1311],{"class":96,"line":465},[94,1312,1313],{"class":213},"    \"\"\"Print the effective settings (secrets masked).\"\"\"\n",[94,1315,1316,1319,1322,1324,1326],{"class":96,"line":482},[94,1317,1318],{"class":118},"    typer.echo(ctx.obj.model_dump_json(",[94,1320,1321],{"class":291},"indent",[94,1323,295],{"class":107},[94,1325,285],{"class":111},[94,1327,1328],{"class":118},"))\n",[94,1330,1331],{"class":96,"line":493},[94,1332,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1334,1335],{"class":96,"line":498},[94,1336,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1338,1339,1341,1344,1347,1350],{"class":96,"line":507},[94,1340,669],{"class":107},[94,1342,1343],{"class":111}," __name__",[94,1345,1346],{"class":107}," ==",[94,1348,1349],{"class":213}," \"__main__\"",[94,1351,692],{"class":118},[94,1353,1354],{"class":96,"line":519},[94,1355,1356],{"class":118},"    app()\n",[10,1358,1359,1360,1362,1363,23],{},"Typer options default to ",[37,1361,997],{}," here precisely so \"not given\" can be told apart from a real value. The validated settings object is stored on the context once and read by every command, following the pattern in ",[19,1364,1366],{"href":1365},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fstructuring-multi-command-python-clis\u002Fsharing-state-with-click-context-objects\u002F","sharing state with Click context objects",[25,1368,1370],{"id":1369},"turning-validation-errors-into-messages","Turning validation errors into messages",[10,1372,1373,1374,1377,1378,1381,1382,1385,1386,1388,1389,1392,1393,1396],{},"pydantic raises one ",[37,1375,1376],{},"ValidationError"," containing ",[14,1379,1380],{},"every"," problem, each with a location (",[37,1383,1384],{},"deploy.replicas",") and a message. ",[37,1387,1004],{}," flattens that into a short list and the CLI exits with status 78 (",[37,1390,1391],{},"EX_CONFIG"," from ",[37,1394,1395],{},"sysexits.h","), which scripts can distinguish from runtime failures:",[63,1398],{"name":1399},"ps-terminal",[10,1401,1402],{},"Reporting all problems together matters for configuration: users fix a config file in one pass rather than rerunning after each correction.",[25,1404,1406],{"id":1405},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[30,1408,1409,1423,1433,1447],{},[33,1410,1411,1417,1418,1420,1421,23],{},[14,1412,1413,1414,23],{},"Offer ",[37,1415,1416],{},"config show"," Printing the effective, merged settings — with secrets masked — answers \"which value won?\" instantly. ",[37,1419,979],{}," respects ",[37,1422,971],{},[33,1424,1425,1428,1429,1432],{},[14,1426,1427],{},"Document the environment variables."," The field names plus the prefix and nested delimiter define them; generate a table from ",[37,1430,1431],{},"Settings.model_fields"," for your docs so it never drifts.",[33,1434,1435,1438,1439,1442,1443,23],{},[14,1436,1437],{},"Keep import cost in mind."," pydantic and pydantic-settings add noticeable import time. For commands where startup matters — completion, ",[37,1440,1441],{},"--version"," — load settings lazily, only in commands that need them; see ",[19,1444,1446],{"href":1445},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fcli-startup-performance-and-lazy-loading\u002Freducing-cli-dependency-weight\u002F","reducing CLI dependency weight",[33,1448,1449,1452,1453,1456],{},[14,1450,1451],{},"Name the source in errors where you can."," pydantic reports the field, not where its value came from; when a value is surprising, a ",[37,1454,1455],{},"--verbose"," line listing which sources were read helps users find the culprit.",[25,1458,1460],{"id":1459},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,1462,1463],{},"Point the model at a temporary config file, clear the relevant environment variables, and exercise each source through the CLI:",[85,1465,1467],{"className":87,"code":1466,"language":89,"meta":90,"style":90},"# tests\u002Ftest_settings.py\nimport json\n\nimport pytest\nfrom typer.testing import CliRunner\n\nfrom mytool import settings as settings_mod\nfrom mytool.cli import app\n\nrunner = CliRunner()\n\n\n@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)\ndef isolated(tmp_path, monkeypatch):\n    cfg = tmp_path \u002F \"config.toml\"\n    monkeypatch.setitem(settings_mod.Settings.model_config, \"toml_file\", cfg)\n    for var in (\"MYTOOL_API_URL\", \"MYTOOL_TIMEOUT\", \"MYTOOL_TOKEN\", \"MYTOOL_DEPLOY__REGION\"):\n        monkeypatch.delenv(var, raising=False)\n    return cfg\n\n\ndef show(*args, env=None):\n    result = runner.invoke(app, [*args, \"show\"], env=env)\n    return result, (json.loads(result.output) if result.exit_code == 0 else None)\n\n\ndef test_defaults():\n    _, data = show()\n    assert data[\"timeout\"] == 30.0 and data[\"deploy\"][\"replicas\"] == 2\n\n\ndef test_precedence_flag_env_file(isolated):\n    isolated.write_text('timeout = 10\\n[deploy]\\nregion = \"ap-south-1\"\\n')\n    _, data = show(env={\"MYTOOL_TIMEOUT\": \"20\"})\n    assert data[\"timeout\"] == 20.0 and data[\"deploy\"][\"region\"] == \"ap-south-1\"\n    _, data = show(\"--timeout\", \"5\", env={\"MYTOOL_TIMEOUT\": \"20\"})\n    assert data[\"timeout\"] == 5.0\n\n\ndef test_nested_env_var():\n    _, data = show(env={\"MYTOOL_DEPLOY__REGION\": \"us-east-1\"})\n    assert data[\"deploy\"][\"region\"] == \"us-east-1\"\n\n\ndef test_secret_is_masked():\n    result, _ = show(env={\"MYTOOL_TOKEN\": \"tok_supersecret\"})\n    assert \"tok_supersecret\" not in result.output and \"**********\" in result.output\n\n\ndef test_all_errors_reported_together(isolated):\n    isolated.write_text('timeout = -1\\nreplicaz = 3\\n')\n    result, _ = show(env={\"MYTOOL_API_URL\": \"not a url\"})\n    assert result.exit_code == 78\n    for fragment in (\"api_url\", \"timeout\", \"replicaz\"):\n        assert fragment in result.output\n",[37,1468,1469,1474,1481,1485,1492,1504,1508,1525,1537,1541,1551,1555,1559,1575,1585,1599,1610,1643,1658,1666,1670,1674,1694,1723,1748,1752,1756,1766,1776,1816,1820,1824,1834,1859,1883,1916,1948,1963,1967,1971,1980,2003,2022,2026,2030,2039,2063,2089,2093,2097,2106,2123,2146,2157,2182],{"__ignoreMap":90},[94,1470,1471],{"class":96,"line":97},[94,1472,1473],{"class":100},"# tests\u002Ftest_settings.py\n",[94,1475,1476,1478],{"class":96,"line":104},[94,1477,137],{"class":107},[94,1479,1480],{"class":118}," json\n",[94,1482,1483],{"class":96,"line":122},[94,1484,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1486,1487,1489],{"class":96,"line":129},[94,1488,137],{"class":107},[94,1490,1491],{"class":118}," pytest\n",[94,1493,1494,1496,1499,1501],{"class":96,"line":143},[94,1495,108],{"class":107},[94,1497,1498],{"class":118}," typer.testing ",[94,1500,137],{"class":107},[94,1502,1503],{"class":118}," CliRunner\n",[94,1505,1506],{"class":96,"line":156},[94,1507,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1509,1510,1512,1515,1517,1520,1522],{"class":96,"line":161},[94,1511,108],{"class":107},[94,1513,1514],{"class":118}," mytool ",[94,1516,137],{"class":107},[94,1518,1519],{"class":118}," settings ",[94,1521,717],{"class":107},[94,1523,1524],{"class":118}," settings_mod\n",[94,1526,1527,1529,1532,1534],{"class":96,"line":174},[94,1528,108],{"class":107},[94,1530,1531],{"class":118}," mytool.cli ",[94,1533,137],{"class":107},[94,1535,1536],{"class":118}," app\n",[94,1538,1539],{"class":96,"line":187},[94,1540,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1542,1543,1546,1548],{"class":96,"line":193},[94,1544,1545],{"class":118},"runner ",[94,1547,295],{"class":107},[94,1549,1550],{"class":118}," CliRunner()\n",[94,1552,1553],{"class":96,"line":198},[94,1554,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1556,1557],{"class":96,"line":228},[94,1558,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1560,1561,1564,1566,1569,1571,1573],{"class":96,"line":233},[94,1562,1563],{"class":244},"@pytest.fixture",[94,1565,248],{"class":118},[94,1567,1568],{"class":291},"autouse",[94,1570,295],{"class":107},[94,1572,1261],{"class":111},[94,1574,311],{"class":118},[94,1576,1577,1579,1582],{"class":96,"line":238},[94,1578,626],{"class":107},[94,1580,1581],{"class":244}," isolated",[94,1583,1584],{"class":118},"(tmp_path, monkeypatch):\n",[94,1586,1587,1590,1592,1595,1597],{"class":96,"line":257},[94,1588,1589],{"class":118},"    cfg ",[94,1591,295],{"class":107},[94,1593,1594],{"class":118}," tmp_path ",[94,1596,210],{"class":107},[94,1598,225],{"class":213},[94,1600,1601,1604,1607],{"class":96,"line":271},[94,1602,1603],{"class":118},"    monkeypatch.setitem(settings_mod.Settings.model_config, ",[94,1605,1606],{"class":213},"\"toml_file\"",[94,1608,1609],{"class":118},", cfg)\n",[94,1611,1612,1615,1618,1620,1623,1626,1628,1631,1633,1636,1638,1641],{"class":96,"line":314},[94,1613,1614],{"class":107},"    for",[94,1616,1617],{"class":118}," var ",[94,1619,663],{"class":107},[94,1621,1622],{"class":118}," (",[94,1624,1625],{"class":213},"\"MYTOOL_API_URL\"",[94,1627,288],{"class":118},[94,1629,1630],{"class":213},"\"MYTOOL_TIMEOUT\"",[94,1632,288],{"class":118},[94,1634,1635],{"class":213},"\"MYTOOL_TOKEN\"",[94,1637,288],{"class":118},[94,1639,1640],{"class":213},"\"MYTOOL_DEPLOY__REGION\"",[94,1642,254],{"class":118},[94,1644,1645,1648,1651,1653,1656],{"class":96,"line":319},[94,1646,1647],{"class":118},"        monkeypatch.delenv(var, ",[94,1649,1650],{"class":291},"raising",[94,1652,295],{"class":107},[94,1654,1655],{"class":111},"False",[94,1657,311],{"class":118},[94,1659,1660,1663],{"class":96,"line":324},[94,1661,1662],{"class":107},"    return",[94,1664,1665],{"class":118}," cfg\n",[94,1667,1668],{"class":96,"line":339},[94,1669,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1671,1672],{"class":96,"line":350},[94,1673,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1675,1676,1678,1680,1682,1685,1688,1690,1692],{"class":96,"line":364},[94,1677,626],{"class":107},[94,1679,1301],{"class":244},[94,1681,248],{"class":118},[94,1683,1684],{"class":107},"*",[94,1686,1687],{"class":118},"args, env",[94,1689,295],{"class":107},[94,1691,997],{"class":111},[94,1693,254],{"class":118},[94,1695,1696,1699,1701,1704,1706,1709,1712,1715,1718,1720],{"class":96,"line":381},[94,1697,1698],{"class":118},"    result ",[94,1700,295],{"class":107},[94,1702,1703],{"class":118}," runner.invoke(app, [",[94,1705,1684],{"class":107},[94,1707,1708],{"class":118},"args, ",[94,1710,1711],{"class":213},"\"show\"",[94,1713,1714],{"class":118},"], ",[94,1716,1717],{"class":291},"env",[94,1719,295],{"class":107},[94,1721,1722],{"class":118},"env)\n",[94,1724,1725,1727,1730,1732,1735,1738,1741,1744,1746],{"class":96,"line":398},[94,1726,1662],{"class":107},[94,1728,1729],{"class":118}," result, (json.loads(result.output) ",[94,1731,669],{"class":107},[94,1733,1734],{"class":118}," result.exit_code ",[94,1736,1737],{"class":107},"==",[94,1739,1740],{"class":111}," 0",[94,1742,1743],{"class":107}," else",[94,1745,474],{"class":111},[94,1747,311],{"class":118},[94,1749,1750],{"class":96,"line":410},[94,1751,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1753,1754],{"class":96,"line":416},[94,1755,126],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":125},[94,1757,1758,1760,1763],{"class":96,"line":421},[94,1759,626],{"class":107},[94,1761,1762],{"class":244}," test_defaults",[94,1764,1765],{"class":118},"():\n",[94,1767,1768,1771,1773],{"class":96,"line":437},[94,1769,1770],{"class":118},"    _, data ",[94,1772,295],{"class":107},[94,1774,1775],{"class":118}," 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The fixture's ",[37,2197,2198],{},"monkeypatch.setitem"," on ",[37,2201,2202],{},"model_config"," redirects the TOML file for the duration of each test, so no test ever reads the developer's real config.",[25,2205,2207],{"id":2206},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,2209,2210,2211,2213,2214,2216],{},"pydantic-settings turns a CLI's configuration into one declarative class: typed fields with defaults and constraints, an environment prefix and nested delimiter for variables, a TOML file source, and ",[37,2212,75],{}," to put flags above environment above file. Pass only the flags the user actually gave, forbid unknown keys, keep secrets in ",[37,2215,971],{},", report every validation problem at once with a configuration exit code, and test the precedence chain explicitly. Adding a setting is then a one-line change that brings validation, environment support and documentation with it.",[25,2218,2220],{"id":2219},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[2222,2223,2225],"h3",{"id":2224},"pydantic-settings-or-a-hand-written-loader","pydantic-settings or a hand-written loader?",[10,2227,2228,2229,2233],{},"For a handful of settings and a CLI where startup time is critical, a small hand-written loader such as the one in ",[19,2230,2232],{"href":2231},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Freading-toml-config-with-tomllib\u002F","reading TOML config with tomllib"," avoids the dependency. Once settings multiply, nest or come from several sources, pydantic-settings saves more code than it costs.",[2222,2235,2237,2238,2241],{"id":2236},"can-it-read-settings-from-pyprojecttoml","Can it read settings from ",[37,2239,2240],{},"pyproject.toml","?",[10,2243,2244,2245,2248,2249,2252],{},"Yes: ",[37,2246,2247],{},"PyprojectTomlConfigSettingsSource"," reads a ",[37,2250,2251],{},"[tool.mytool]"," table, which suits developer tools configured per project.",[2222,2254,2256],{"id":2255},"how-do-i-support-multiple-profiles","How do I support multiple profiles?",[10,2258,2259,2260,2263,2264,23],{},"Make the config file hold a table per profile and select one before constructing ",[37,2261,2262],{},"Settings"," — for example by loading the chosen table into a dict passed as init values beneath the flags. The profile design itself is covered in ",[19,2265,2267],{"href":2266},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002Fsupporting-multiple-profiles-and-accounts\u002F","supporting multiple profiles and accounts",[2222,2269,2271],{"id":2270},"how-do-list-or-dict-settings-come-from-environment-variables","How do list or dict settings come from environment variables?",[10,2273,2274,2275,2278,2279,2281,2282,2285,2286,2289],{},"Complex fields — ",[37,2276,2277],{},"tags: list[str]",", a nested model — are parsed from environment variables as JSON: a top-level ",[37,2280,2277],{}," field is set with ",[37,2283,2284],{},"MYTOOL_TAGS='[\"web\",\"blue\"]'",". That is precise but awkward to type; for list settings people set often, also accept a comma-separated form with a ",[37,2287,2288],{},"field_validator(mode=\"before\")"," that splits strings, and document both.",[2222,2291,2293],{"id":2292},"do-boolean-environment-variables-work","Do boolean environment variables work?",[10,2295,2296,2297,288,2299,288,2302,288,2305,2308,2309,2312,2313,927,2316,2319],{},"Yes. pydantic accepts ",[37,2298,298],{},[37,2300,2301],{},"true",[37,2303,2304],{},"yes",[37,2306,2307],{},"on"," and their negatives, case-insensitively, for ",[37,2310,2311],{},"bool"," fields — so ",[37,2314,2315],{},"MYTOOL_VERBOSE=true",[37,2317,2318],{},"MYTOOL_VERBOSE=1"," both work.",[25,2321,2323],{"id":2322},"related","Related",[30,2325,2326,2332,2337,2343,2348],{},[33,2327,2328,2329],{},"Up: ",[19,2330,2331],{"href":21},"Handling configuration files and environment variables",[33,2333,2334],{},[19,2335,2336],{"href":2231},"Reading TOML config with tomllib",[33,2338,2339],{},[19,2340,2342],{"href":2341},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fdiscovering-project-config-files-by-walking-up-directories\u002F","Discovering project config files by walking up directories",[33,2344,2345],{},[19,2346,2347],{"href":56},"Config precedence: flags, env, files and defaults",[33,2349,2350],{},[19,2351,2353],{"href":2352},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fsecrets-and-credentials-in-python-clis\u002Freading-secrets-from-env-and-files\u002F","Reading secrets from env and files",[2355,2356,2357],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki 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